Keysight Technologies UXA N9040B Manuel utilisateur

N9069C

Noise Figure

Measurement

Guide

Keysight X-Series

Signal Analyzers

This manual provides documentation for the following models:

N9040B UXA

N9030B PXA

N9020B MXA

N9010B EXA

N9000B CXA

N8973B NFA

N8974B NFA

N8975B NFA

N8976B NFA

Notices

2015-2016

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Trademark Acknowledgments

Manual Part Number

N9069-90001

Edition

Edition 1, March 2016

Supersedes: February 2016

Published by:

Keysight Technologies

1400 Fountaingrove Parkway

Santa Rosa, CA 95403

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http://www.keysight.com/find/N9040B

http://www.keysight.com/find/N9030B

http://www.keysight.com/find/N9020B

http://www.keysight.com/find/N9010B

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Contents

Table of Contents

1 Introduction to Noise Figure

How does the Noise Figure Measurement Work? 10

Noise Source 10

Y-factor Measurement 10

Process 11

What does the Keysight N9069C Noise Figure Measurement Application

Do? 12

2 Making Noise Figure Measurements

Making Basic Measurements 14

Basic Amplifier Measurement 14

Calibrating the Analyzer 15

Making the Measurement 19

Making Frequency Converter Measurements 20

Making Frequency Converting DUT Measurements 20

Initial Setup Procedure 23

Calibration of the Measurement Setup 25

Making the Corrected Noise Figure and Gain Measurement 27

Making Multi-stage Converter Measurements 28

Measurements with a System Downconverter 28

Measurement Modes with a DSB System Downconverter 30

Measurement Modes with an SSB System Downconverter 31

Calculating Measurement Uncertainty 34

Using the U7227-Series USB Preamplifiers in Noise Figure Measurements 37

Initial Connection to the Signal Analyzer 38

Guide for Using U7227-Series USB Preamplifier and the Internal Preamplifier

inside X-Series Signal Analyzer 41

Amplitude Concerns in the Noise Figure Test System 41

Rough Guide for the Noise Figure Test System Configuration 42

Contents

3 Measurement Related Tasks and Concepts

Setting the Measurement System 50

Accounting for Frequency Conversion 50

Sidebands and Images 50

Signal Leakage 51

LO Leakage 51

LO Harmonics 51

Single Sideband Measurements 52

Double Sideband Measurements 54

Choosing and Setting Up the Local Oscillator 56

Selecting a Local Oscillator for Extended Frequency measurements with the

X-Series 56

Selecting a Local Oscillator 57

Calibrating the Analyzer 58

Corrected Measurements 58

When to Perform Calibration 59

Interpolated Results 59

Calibration Indicator 59

Interpolated Calibration 59

User Cal vs. Internal Cal 59

Setting the Signal Analyzer to Make a Measurement 61

DUT Setup Form 61

Entering Excess Noise Ratio (ENR) Data 64

Selecting a Common ENR Table 65

Entering ENR Table Data for Noise Sources 65

Saving an ENR Table 68

Entering ENR Data from Internal Storage 69

Using a Spot ENR Value 69

Setting the Tcold Value 69

Setting the Measurement Frequencies 70

Using Swept Frequency Mode 70

Using List Frequency Mode 71

Contents

Using Fixed Frequency Mode 73

Setting the Bandwidth and Averaging 73

Effect of Bandwidth and Averaging on Speed, Jitter, and Measurement

Accuracy 73

Selecting the Resolution Bandwidth (RBW) Value 73

Setting Averaging 74

Selecting the Input Attenuation Range 75

Setting the Input Attenuation used for Measurement 76

Setting up External LO Control 77

Adding External LO to List 77

Setting up DUT LO or System Downconverter LO 77

Using Loss Compensation 78

Examples where Loss Compensation is applied 78

Configuring Fixed Loss Compensation 79

Creating a Loss Compensation Table 80

Setting Temperature of Loss 81

Viewing Measurement Results 82

Displaying the Measurement Results 82

Selecting the Layout 82

Selecting Result Types to Display 83

Setting the Scaling 84

Calculating the Noise Power into Different Stages of the Noise Figure Measurement

System 85

Calculating the Noise Figure for Noise Power Calculation 86

Further Information 87

Contents

Keysight X-Series Signal Analyzers

N9069C Noise Figure

Measurement Guide

1 Introduction to Noise Figure

Modern receiving systems must often process very weak signals, but the noise

added by the system components tends to obscure those very weak signals.

Sensitivity, bit error ratio (BER) and noise figure are system parameters that

characterize the ability to process low-level signals. Of these parameters, noise

figure is unique in that it is suitable not only for characterizing the entire

system, but also the system components such as the preamplifier, mixer, and

IF amplifier that make up the system. By controlling the noise figure and gain of

the system components, you can directly control the noise figure of the overall

system. Once the noise figure is known, system sensitivity can be estimated

from the system bandwidth. Noise figure is often the key parameter that

differentiates one system from another, one amplifier from another, and one

transistor from another.

The noise figure of a network is defined to be the ratio of the signal-to-noise

power ratio at the input to the signal-to-noise power ratio at the output.

Noise figure is independent of the modulation format and of the fidelity of

modulators and demodulators. Noise figure is a more general concept than

noise-quieting used to indicate the sensitivity of FM receivers or BER used in

digital communication.

Noise figure should be thought of as separate from gain. Once noise is added

to the signal, subsequent gain amplifies the signal and noise together and

does not change the signal-to-noise ratio.

10 N9069C Noise Figure Measurement Guide

Introduction to Noise Figure

How does the Noise Figure Measurement Work?

The noise figure measurement is usually made on 2-port devices to see the

decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio as the signal goes through the DUT. The

N9069C Noise Figure Measurement Application uses the Y-factor method to

calculate the noise figure. This section briefly explains how a complete Y-factor

measurement is made. You can refer to Application Note 57-2: Noise Figure

Measurement Accuracy - The Y-Factor Method for more detailed information.

The test system can be seen as a two-stage system as shown in the following

figure. The DUT is stage 1 and the instrument connected to the DUT is stage 2.

The noise figure of the DUT can be calculated using the following equation.

Equation 1-1

This equation is the basis for the noise figure measurement. The noise figure

and gain of the DUT are measured in the process.

Figure 1-1 Noise Figure Measurement Using a Two-Stage System

Noise Source

The Y-factor method uses a noise source to provide stimulus to the DUT input.

The noise source has two known levels of noise with a pre-calibrated Excess

Noise Ratio (ENR). The noise from the noise source is broadband.

Equation 1-2

and are the noise temperatures of the noise source in its ON and OFF

states. is the reference temperature of 290 K.

Y-factor Measurement

The complete Y-factor measurement of the DUT noise figure and gain consists

of two steps, calibration and measurement, as shown in Figure 1-2. The

analyzer measures the noise power corresponding to the noise source On and

noise source Off in certain bandwidth at different frequencies. A total of four

measurements are taken in the process.

F1F12 F21–()G1

⁄[]–=

ENR Ts

ON Ts

OFF

–()T0

⁄=

OFF

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