Tektronix 2225 Manuel utilisateur

Tektronix 2225 Oscilloscope

1. Summary of Controls, Connectors, and Indicators

No. Title Function Recommended Use

1 INTENSITY Adjusts trace brightness. Compensate for ambient lighting,

trace s

eed

tri

er fre

uenc

2BEAM FIND Compresses display to within CRT

limits.

Locate off-screen phenomena.

3FOCUS Adjusts for finest trace thickness. Optimize display definition.

4TRACE

ROTATION

Adjusts trace parallel to centerline. Compensate for earth's field.

5POWER Turns power on and off. Control power to the instrument.

6Power Indicator Illuminates when power is turned on. Know power condition.

7,9 POSITION Moves trace up or down screen. Position trace vertically and

compensate for dc component of

nal.

8TRACE SEP Moves the magnified trace vertically

with respect to the unmagnified trace

when HORIZONTAL MODE is set to

ALT.

Position unmagnified and

horizontally magnified traces for

convenient viewing and

measurement.

10 CH 1-BOTH -

CH2

Selects signal inputs for display. View either channel independently

or both channels simultaneousl

11 NORM- INVERT Inverts the Channel 2 signal display. Provide for differential (CH 1 - CH 2)

or summed (CH 1 + CH 2) signals

when ADD is selected.

No. Title Function Recommended Use

12 ADD-ALT- CHOP ADD shows algebraic sum of CH 1 and

CH 2 signals. ALT displays each

channel alternately. CHOP switches

between CH 1 and CH 2 signals during

the sweep at 500 kHz rate.

Display summed or individual

signals.

13 VOLTS/DIV Selects vertical sensitivity. Adjust vertical signal to suitable

size.

14 Variable (CAL) Provides

continuously

variable deflection

factors between

calibrated

positions of the

VOLTS/DIV

switch. Reduces

gain by at least

25:1.

The CAL control

can be pulled out

to vertically

magnify the trace

by a factor of 1 0.

Limits bandwidth to

5 MHz.

Match signals for

common mode

readings. Adjust

height of pulse

for rise-time

calculations.

Inspecting small

signals.

15 AC-GND-DC In AC, isolates dc component of signal.

In GND, gives reference point and

allows precharging of input coupling

capacitor. In DC, couples all

components of signal.

Selects method of coupling input

signals to the vertical deflection

system.

16 CH 1 OR X CH 2

ORY

Provides for input signal connections.

CH 1 gives horizontal deflection when

SEC/DIV is in X-Y.

Apply signals to the vertical

deflection system.

17 POSITION

COARSE

COARSE is convenient for moving

unmagnified traces

Control trace

horizontal

positioning in

direction.

18 POSITION FINE FINE is convenient for moving

magnified traces when either ALT or

MAG is selected.

Control trace

horizontal

positioning in

direction.

19 X1 -ALT- MAG X1 displays only normal (horizontally

unmagnified) waveform. ALT displays

normal and magnified waveforms

alternately. MAG displays only the

magnified waveform.

Select normal, comparative or

expanded waveforms.

20 SEC/DIV Selects time-base speed. Set horizontal speed most suited to

uirements.

21 Variable (CAL) Provides continuously variable

uncalibrated sweep speeds to at least

2.5 times the calibrated setting.

Extend the slowest speed to at least 1

.25 s/div

22 MAG(X5-X10-

X50)

Selects degree of horizontal

magnification.

Examine small phenomena in

detail.

23 Provides safety

connection to

earth and direct

nal source.

Chassis ground connection.

24 PROBE ADJUST Provides approximately 0.5-V,1-kHz

square wave.

Match probe capacitance to individual

circuit. This source may be used to

check the basic functioning of vertical

and horizontal circuits but is not

intended to check their accuracy.

No. Title Function Recommended Use

25 SLOPE Selects the slope of the signal that

triggers the sweep.

Provide ability to trigger from

positive-going or negative-going

signals.

26 LEVEL Selects trigger-signal amplitude point. Select actual point of trigger.

27 TRIG'D Indicator lights when sweep is triggered

in P-P AUTO, NORM, or TV FIELD.

Indicate trigger state.

29 RESET Arms trigger circuit for SQL SWP.

30 HOLDOFF Varies sweep holdoff time 1 0:1 . Improve ability to trigger from

eriodic si

nals.

31 SOURCE CH 1,CH2, and EXT trigger signals

are selected directly. In VERT MODE,

trigger source is determined by the

VERTICAL MODE switches as follows:

CH 1 : trigger comes from Channel 1

signal. CH 2: trigger comes from

Channel 2 signal. BOTH -ADD and

BOTH CHOP: trigger is algebraic sum

of Channel 1 and Channel 2 signals.

BOTH-ALT: trigger comes from

Channel 1 and Channel 2 on alternate

swee

Select source of signal that is

coupled to the trigger circuit.

32 COUPLING AC blocks dc components and

attenuates signals below 15 Hz. LF

REJ blocks dc components and

attenuates signals below about 30

kHz. HF REJ blocks dc components

and attenuates signals above about 30

kHz. DC couples all signal

components.

Select how the triggering signal is

coupled to the trigger circuit.

33 EXT INPUT Connection for Connection for

applying external applying external

signal that can be signal that can be

used as a trigger, used for intensity

modulation.

Trigger from a Provide

source other reference blips

than vertical by intensity

signal. Also modulation from

used for single- independent

shot application. source.

2. Learning the Controls

After turning the power on, let the oscilloscope warm up for a few minutes before starting this

procedure.

• Set instrument controls as follows:

Display

INTENSITY

FOCUS

Midrange

Vertical (both channels)

POSITION Midrange

MODE CH 1

VOLTS/DIV 0.5 V (1 OX PROBE)

VOLTS/DIV Variable CAL detent (fully clockwise)

Input Coupling AC

Horizontal

COARSE POSITION Midrange

MODE X1

SEC/DIV 0.2 ms

SEC/DIV Variable CAL detent (fully clockwise)

Trigger

SLOPE /

LEVEL Midrange

MODE P-PAUTO

HOLDOFF MIN

SOURCE CH 1

COUPLING AC

Connect a probe to the input BNC connector for Channel 1 (labeled CH 1 OR X).

Attach the probe ground lead to the collar of the EXT INPUT connector and apply the

probe tip to the PROBE ADJUST terminal. If necessary, adjust the TRIGGER LEVEL

control to get a stable display.

Change the Channel 1 input coupling switch to GND and use the Channel 1

POSITION control to align the baseline trace to the center horizontal graticule line.

This sets the zero reference for the display.

Switch input coupling back to AC. Notice that the square wave is centered vertically

on the screen. Now switch input coupling to DC and observe what happens to the

waveform. The zero reference is maintained at the center horizontal graticule line.

NOTE: More information about using the controls is contained at the end of this procedure. Refer to it as

often as needed while learning the front-panel controls.

Use the following controls and notice the effect each has on the displayed waveform

as the settings are changed.

Each POSITION control

CH 1 VOLTS/DIV

CH 1 VOLTS/DIV Variable (CAL)

SEC/DIV

SEC/DIV Variable (CAL)

HORIZONTAL MODE

HORIZONTAL MAG

TRACE SEP

TRIGGER SLOPE

At this point, connect the second probe to the CH 2 OR Y input connector. Set the

VERTICAL MODE switch to CH 2 and TRIGGER SOURCE to CH 2, then follow

steps 2 through 5 again, using the channel 2 controls.

Now set the VERTICAL MODE switches to BOTH-NORM-ALT and return both

VOLTS/DIV switches to 0.5 V (10X PROBE). Rotate all variable controls clockwise to

their CAL detents. Set the TRIGGER SOURCE switch to VERT MODE. Then use the

VERTICAL POSITION and TRACE SEP controls to position the four traces to

convenient locations on the screen.

While watching the Channel 2 waveforms, set the middle VERTICAL MODE switch to

CH 2 INVERT and notice the effect. Then set the right MODE switch to ADD. What

happens to the waveforms? Finally, return the middle MODE switch to NORM. What

waveform is displayed now?

Congratulations!

You now know how to use the 2225 front-panel controls to display signals and move

them about on the screen. The remainder of this section gives you more information about the controls

and offers suggestions for their use.

3. Display Controls

Set the INTENSITY control for comfortable viewing, but no brighter than you need. Use

high-intensity settings to observe low-repetition-rate signals, narrow pulses in long time

intervals, or occasional variations in fast signals.

4. Vertical Controls

When making voltage measurements, rotate the VOLTS/DIV CAL control fully clockwise

(in detent). Best accuracy can be achieved by setting the VOLTS/DIV control for the

largest display possible.

A. Input Coupling

For most applications use DC input coupling. This mode is compatible with the

standard-accessory, high-impedance probes and it displays logic levels and dc levels

of static signals.

Use GND input coupling to show where the 0-volt level will be located when you shift

to DC or AC coupling.

Use AC coupling for the special cases where you need to see small signals on large

dc voltage levels.

B. Channel Selection

With the three VERTICAL MODE buttons, you can display combinations of the two

vertical channels. When CH 1 is selected, the other two MODE switches are not

active. When CH 2 is selected, the middle MODE switch (NORM/CH 2 INVERT)

becomes active. And when BOTH channels are selected for display, all three MODE

switches are active.

C. ADD and INVERT

Select ADD mode to display the algebraic sum of the CH 1 and CH 2 signals. When

you use ADD, the CH 1 and CH 2 VOLTS/DIV settings should be equal.

Selecting CH 2 INVERT changes the sense of the CH 2 waveform. This allows you to

see the difference between the CH 1 and CH 2 signals on the ADD trace.

D. CHOP or ALT?

When BOTH channels are selected, the display is time-shared. The CHOP mode

displays each channel for a short time and multiplexes during the sweep to give the

appearance of displaying both channels at once. This mode (CHOP) works better

than ALT for sweep speeds slower than 1 ms per division and for low-repetition-rate

signals that make the display flicker (up to 2 s/division).

The ALT mode displays each channel for the duration of a complete sweep. It gives a

cleaner display of multiple channels than CHOP does and is usually preferred at

moderate to high sweep speeds.

E. Increasing the Sensitivity

Pulling the VOLTS/DIV CAL control out (towards you) magnifies the vertical axis by a

factor of 10, increasing the sensitivity to 500 (iV per division. This function is useful for

investigating small-amplitude signals (in general, less than 5 mV p-p) or small

amplitude details on larger signals.

5. Horizontal Controls

A. Sweep-Speed Selection

The unmagnified sweep (MODE set to X1) is the horizontal function needed for most

applications. Best measurement accuracy is achieved by setting the SEC/DIV control

for the fastest sweep that will display the interval of interest. The variable control (CAL)

should be in its detent (fully clockwise).

B. Magnifying Waveform Details

Each of the two magnified modes—ALT or MAG—expands the unmagnified trace.

When ALT is chosen, both the unmagnified and the magnified waveforms appear

together on the crt screen. Vertical separation between them is adjusted with the

TRACE SEP control. If MAG is selected, only the magnified trace is displayed on

screen. This is useful for eliminating unwanted clutter from the crt when you are

making accurate timing measurements or looking at waveform details. Whenever ALT

or MAG is set on the upper HORIZONTAL MODE switch, the amount of waveform

expansion is determined by the setting of the HORIZONTAL MAG switch located

beneath the SEC/DIV control. Three magnifications are available—5X, 10X, and SOX.

Having the ability to select various combinations of waveform expansion and SEC/DIV

control setting lets you extend the time-base range out to a maximum of 5 ns per

division.

The marker that links the timing of the unmagnified and magnified traces with each

other is the center vertical graticule line. The intersections of that line with the

unmagnified and the magnified waveforms are the points of equal time duration from

sweep start. With the center vertical graticule as the reference line, the investigation of

waveform details around any point on the unmagnified trace, as well as the

measurement of time with greater accuracy, then become easy tasks.

6. Trigger Controls

For most signals, the trigger-control settings that will yield hands off triggering are:

MODE P-P AUTO

HOLDOFF MIN

SOURCE VERT MODE

COUPLING DC

A. Which Mode to Use

P-P AUTO/TV LINE—With this mode set, the range of the LEVEL control is confined

to the values between the triggering-signal peaks. For example, selecting P-P AUTO

and rotating the LEVEL control to the center half of its range establishes a trigger point

that is about midway between the peaks of the triggering signal.

In this mode, the absence of a triggering signal causes the sweep to free-run. And

with signals below 20 Hz, the P-P AUTO circuit may not find the correct level.

Whenever P-P AUTO is active and VERT MODE source selected, the triggering

signal is supplied by the channel that is being displayed—or by Channel 1 in a two-

channel display.

The P-P AUTO mode is effective for monitoring logic signals and television lines

having at least a 20-Hz repetition rate. Selecting P-P AUTO at the instrument front

panel also sets the TV LINE triggering mode.

NORM—This mode produces a sweep only when the triggering signal meets the

criteria set by the LEVEL and SLOPE controls. With NORM mode selected, range of

the LEVEL control is sufficient to set any voltage threshold that can be displayed by

the instrument. In the absence of a triggering signal, there is no sweep.

Use the NORM mode for viewing infrequent events and erratic signals.

SQL SWP—When this mode is selected, the sweep is triggered only once. Press the

RESET button once to arm the trigger circuit and illuminate the READY indicator.

When a trigger event occurs, the sweep runs once and the READY light extinguishes.

Use the SQL SWP mode to display or photograph non-repetitive or unstable signals.

TV FIELD—This mode triggers the sweep at the beginning of a television field. To

change the TV field being displayed, you must interrupt the trigger signal by setting

the input coupling switch momentarily to GND then back to either DC or AC until the

desired field is displayed.

To display Field 1 and Field 2 at the same time, connect the same television signal to

both the CH 1 and CH 2 inputs; set VERTICAL MODE to BOTH and ALT; set the

SEC/DIV control to 0.5 ms or faster sweep speed.

If you magnify the vertical display beyond the graticule, the trigger may be degraded.

To avoid trigger overload, use either CH 1 or CH 2 for display and use the EXT

INPUT channel with an appropriate video signal as the trigger source. A composite

sync signal can be used for the trigger source as well as composite video.

B. Source

Choose a single trigger source to correctly display the timing relationships between

two channels. Choose the channel with the lowest-frequency signal to avoid

ambiguous displays.

With VERT MODE TRIGGER SOURCE and either P-P AUTO TRIGGER MODE or

CHOP VERTICAL MODE, the triggering signal is the algebraic sum of the Channel 1

and Channel 2 input signals.

Use a composite trigger source only to compare asynchronous signals. To generate a

composite trigger: select VERT MODE TRIGGER SOURCE, BOTH-ALT VERTICAL

MODE, and any TRIGGER MODE except P-P AUTO.

C. Coupling

For signals with strongly interfering components, HF Reject and LF Reject coupling

give added selectivity. When AC coupling is selected, triggering continues as the dc

level of the signal changes.

D. Slope

Use the SLOPE control to select either the rising (/) or the falling (\) edge of the signal

to trigger the sweep.

E. Leve l

The LEVEL control gives you complete freedom to choose the most appropriate

threshold voltage on a signal to initiate sweeps whenever any trigger mode except P-

P AUTO is selected.

F. Holdoff

With irregular signals such as bursts, the HOLDOFF setting can improve display

stability. Also, if the signal has a fixed pattern of variation from cycle to cycle, some

modes of the signal may be omitted from the display. Changing the HOLDOFF setting

can force the instrument to display all the modes of the signal. Normally, the

HOLDOFF control should be set at MIN.

7. Calibration Summary

Calibrate the voltage (vertical) and time (horizontal) scales of the scope as follows:

1) Connect a wire from the PROBE ADJUST to CH1 or CH2.

2) Adjust the trace using the position controls until the square wave is located at

aconvenient position on the screen.

3) Measure the height of the square wave in volts. You should find that it is 0.5

Voltspeak-to-peak so that the 0.1 V/div scale is appropriate. Make certain that the

Variable

(CAL) knob is in its calibrated (detent) position. If the square wave does not measure

0.5 V ask your TA for help.

4) Measure the period of the square wave in seconds. Use a time scale setting that

displays several cycles of the square wave. In order to obtain the best accuracy,

measure the time for several cycles and divide by the number of cycles. Again make

certain that the Variable (Cal) knob for the horizontal sweep (SEC/DIV) is in the

calibrated (detent) position. The period should be 10~3seconds.

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