Simpson 228 Manuel utilisateur

Model 228

Current LeakageTester

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

About this Manual

To the best of our knowledge and at the time written, the information contained in

this document is technically correct and the procedures accurate and adequate

to operate this instrument in compliance with its original advertised specifica-

tions.

Notes and Safety Information

This Operator’s Manual contains warning headings which alert the user to check

for hazardous conditions. These appear throughout this manual where appli-

cable and are defined below. To ensure the safety of operating performance of

this instrument, these instructions must be adhered to.

Warning, refer to accompanying documents.

Caution, risk of electric shock.

Technical Assistance

SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY offers assistance Monday through Friday

7:30 am to 5:00 pm Central Time by contacting Technical Support or

Customer Service at (847) 697-2260.

Internet: http://www.simpsonelectric.com

Warranty and Returns

SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY warrants each instrument and other articles

manufactured by it to be free from defects in material and workmanship under

normal use and service, its obligation under this warranty being limited to making

good at its factory or other article of equipment which shall within one (1) year

after delivery of such instrument or other article of equipment to the original

purchaser be returned intact to it, or to one of its authorized service centers, with

transportation charges prepaid, and which its examination shall disclose to its

satisfaction to have been thus defective; this warranty being expressly in lieu of

all other warranties expressed or implied and of all other obligations or liabilities

on its part, and SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY neither assumes nor autho-

rizes any other persons to assume for it any other liability in connection with the

sales of its products.

This warranty shall not apply to any instrument or other article of equipment

which shall have been repaired or altered outside the SIMPSON ELECTRIC

COMPANY factory or authorized service centers, nor which has been subject to

misuse, negligence or accident, incorrect wiring by others, or installation or use

not in accord with instructions furnished by the manufacturer.

This manual represents your meter as manufactured at the time of publication. It

assumes standard software. Special versions of software may be fitted, in which

case you will be provided with additional details.

The apparatus has been designed and tested in accordance with EN 61010-1,

“SafetyRequirmentsforElectrical Equipmentfor Measurement,Control andLabo-

ratory Use.” This operationg guide contains information and warnings that must

be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the apparatus in

a safe condition.

We reserve the right to make changes and improvements to the product without

obligation to incorporate these changes and improvements into units previously

shipped.

High Voltage Terminal: Use extreme care when making high voltage

measurements; do not touch terminals or probe ends.

Limit voltage, with respect to earth ground, to 600VDC/VAC maximum.

A terminal connected to earth ground.

This Instrument is designed to prevent accidental shock to the operator when

properly used. However, no engineering design can render safe an instrument

which is used carelessly.Therefore, this manual must be read carefully and com-

pletely before making any measurements. Failure to follow directions can result

in a serious or fatal accident.

SHOCK HAZARD: As defined in IEC-1010-2,

Safety Requirements for Electrical

& Electronic Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use,

a shock hazard shall be

considered to exist at any part involving a potential in excess of 30 volts RMS

(sine wave) or 42.4 volts DC or peak and where a leakage current from that part

to ground exceeds 0.5 MIU (Measurement Indication Units) when measured

with an appropriate measuring instrument defined in Section 6.3.1.2 annex A of

IEC-1010-1.

NOTE: UL-1244 calls for the same voltage and measurement limits as IEC-1010-

1:1990butUL-1244specifiesaslightlydifferenttestnetwork.SimpsonElectricmanu-

factures test equipment to measure shock hazard as set forth by both specifica-

tions.The Simpson Model 228 uses the networks specified by IEC-1010-1 and is

suitable for measuring shock hazard as defined in that document.The Simpson

229-2 uses the measurement networks specified in UL-1244 and is suitable for

measuringshock hazardas definedin thatdocument.

Instrumentssuch as theModel 228are intended foruse inrelativelylow power120/

240VAC or dry battery operated circuits. Never use this Instrument for measure-

mentsinhigh-energy orhigh-powercircuitry suchaspower substations,distribution

centers, RF induction heaters, broadcast transmitters and X-ray equipment. The

Safety Precautions in this manual alert you to such hazards and the protective

measuresnecessaryto avoidinjury or equipment damage.Thedangersinhighpower

circuitsare serious. Please observe all safety precautions!

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 5

1.1 General Description ...............................................................................5

1.2 What Is Leakage Current? .....................................................................5

1.3 Human Response to Electrical Shock ...................................................6

1.4 Shock Hazard.........................................................................................7

1.5 Burn Hazard ...........................................................................................7

1.6 Inspection of Instrument .........................................................................7

1.7 Components and Accessories ...............................................................7

2. SPECIFICATIONS .............................................................................8

3. CONTROLSANDFUNCTIONS ......................................................... 9

4. INTERPRETINGTHEMETER DIAL SCALES................................. 10

5. READINGTHE METER DIAL SCALES ........................................... 11

6. SAFETYPRECAUTIONS................................................................ 11

7. MEASUREMENTPROCEDURES ...................................................12

7.1 General ................................................................................................12

7.2 Preparation ..........................................................................................13

7.3 Voltage Measurement ..........................................................................13

7.4 Burn Hazard Measurement..................................................................14

7.5 Shock Hazard Measurement ...............................................................15

7.6 Polarity Reversal ..................................................................................15

8. MAINTENANCEANDCARE........................................................... 16

8.1 Service .................................................................................................16

8.2 Battery Replacement ...........................................................................16

8.3 Fuse Replacement ...............................................................................17

9. CAREOFINSTRUMENT.................................................................17

10. RMS VS. PEAK............................................................................... 18

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Description

The Simpson Model 228 is a special purpose AC/DC milliammeter that mea-

sures potentially hazardous leakage current on electrical and electronic equip-

ment. This Instrument meets the guidelines published in IEC 990, “Methods of

Measurement of Touch Current and Protective Conductor Current.” Most stan-

dards agencies in the United States — including ANSI, ISA and UL are in the

process of implementing the networks from IEC 990 into their specifications.

NOTE: For specification information call:

ANSI at (212) 642-4900 or

UL in Northbrook, IL at (847) 272-8800.

The Model 228 tests equipment operating at 120-220 volts AC or DC power line

circuits only. Instrument features include:

• Separate leakage current networks for measuring the following electrical

shock response levels:

Perception/reaction (shock hazard)

Let-go (shock hazard)

Burn hazard

• 0-300 volt scale for measuring open circuit voltage between accessible parts

and ground.

• An RMS reading meter with scales that read shock hazard up to 10 Measure-

ment Indication Units (MIU), burn hazard up to 100 mA and peak indicating

RMS shock hazard. (Refer to Section 7, Measurement Procedures) for more

information.

• Output connections for an external peak reading Instrument (required for

measuring peak readings on non-sinusoidal waveforms).

• Convenient battery test function.

The228is batteryoperated.In someapplications,the lead attachedto the “Ground”

input may not be attached to earth ground. As a result, the output jacks may be

“floating.” To prevent a shock hazard, do not connect any connectors or equip-

ment with accessible conductive surfaces.

1.2 What Is Leakage Current?

“Leakage Current” is a generic term applied to many forms of unwanted currents.

“Leakage Current” (or more accurately, “Touch Current”) as it relates to electrical

shock hazards, is the current that flows to ground through the human body due to

inadequate insulation or improper grounding between internal supplies and ac-

cessible conductive parts.

Inproperlydesignedandinstalledequipment,leakagecurrentcanusuallybeignored

becauseitislimitedtosafelevels.Excessiveleakagecurrentcanappearinequipmentas

aresultof:

• A defective component

• Poor equipment design or installation

• A build up of foreign matter

• Old or deteriorated insulation

The presence of leakage current on any acces-

sible conductive part poses a potential shock

hazard to anyone touching that part (see Figure

1). Severe electrical shocks from leakage cur-

rent cancause burns,serious injuryand in some

cases, death. Even when leakage currents are

not high enough to directly injure a person, the

current can be high enough to cause a violent

muscle contraction resulting in accident or

injury.

Leakage current measurement ensures the safety of electrical equipment — not

only for the user but for anyone who comes in contact with the equipment. Leak-

age current measurements should be performed whenever equipment is installed

or repaired.

1.3 Human Response to Electrical Shock

The human body’s reaction to electrical shock depends upon the magnitude of

the current involved and many other variables, including sex, weight, age and

point of contact. Reaction to a shock can range from a harmless tingling sensa-

tion to a more serious response such as violent muscle contractions, massive

burns or death due to heart failure.

Although most electrical or electronic equipment is energized by 60Hz (50Hz)

power circuits, some have solid state control circuits or power conversion circuits

which generate higher frequency currents.This high-frequency current may be a

significant part of the total leakage current. The human body becomes less sensi-

tive to leakage current as the frequency is increased.The 228 takes the frequency

of the leakage current into account when making measurements and displays a

reading that correctly reflects the potential hazard from the leakage current. Be-

cause of this frequency correction, leakage currents are measured in Measure-

ment Indications Units (MIU).

The IEC and other safety agencies have defined four (two are combined) levels

of human body response to electrical shock:

• Perception/Reaction (tingling sensation and involuntary muscle contraction)

• Let-go (the loss of the ability to control muscles and release)

• Electric burns

The 228 includes a separate measurement “network” for each of these response

levels.

Electrical shock due to

excess leakage current

(touch current)

Figure 1.

WARNING: These response networks are for non-medical applications and do

not include patient contact cases.This Instrument is not intended for use in medi-

cal applications.

1.4 Shock Hazard

The level at which leakage current will cause a shock varies greatly between

people. As a result the IEC, UL, and other safety agencies set limits where most

people will not feel a shock or will not react to any leakage current present. The

most commonly used leakage current limit is 0.5 MIU RMS (0.7 MIU peak) using

the reaction response network.This level is safe for most conditions and for most

people, but there are cases where 0.5 MIU may pose a hazard. In those cases

tighter limits are required.The safety agencies also acknowledge that some con-

ditions exist where higher currents can be permitted without an increased risk of

injury.

When making routine leakage current measurements as part of equipment main-

tenance, refer to the equipment manufacturer for the acceptable leakage current

level. When using the 228 for testing safety of new designs, check with the appro-

priate safety agency for the correct leakage current limits.

1.5 Burn Hazard

Another potential leakage current hazard is electrical burns. Electrical burns can

occur at current frequencies as low as 30KHz or lower.The potential of electrical

burns is constant regardless of frequency and is measured in mA RMS. A limit of

70 mA is almost universally accepted as being a safe limit to prevent leakage

current-related electrical burns.

1.6 Inspection of Instrument

Immediately upon receipt, inspect the Instrument for damage. Verify that your

Instrument includes all of its components and accessories. If you find the unit to

be damaged, notify the carrier and supplier immediately. Do not use a damaged

Instrument.

1.7 Components and Accessories

• Operator’s Manual

• Test Lead Set:Red and black insulated test probe set.Simpson Part Number

00125.

• Two (2) 9-volt, NEDA type 1604A alkaline batteries.

2. SPECIFICATIONS

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Table 1.

Specifications

Output Sensitivity: Full scale meter deflection equals 1 volt

RMS(measuredwith a1M⍀,12 pF load)

Voltmeter Range: 0-300 volts (AC or DC)

Voltmeter Accuracy:

DC to1 Hz: Pointer tracks within 5% of peak

2Hz to 19Hz

(Accuracy not supported)

20 Hz to 1 KHz: ⫾3% FS @ 60Hz (Add ⫾1% for every

additional 100Hz)

Voltmeter Frequency Response: DC to 1KHz

Power Source Requirements: Two (2) 9 volt, NEDA type 1604A alka

line batteries

NOTE:Alkaline batteries have a VDC continuous use rated life of 400 hours

or longer.

Temperature Range:

Operating: 0° to 40°C

Storage: -10° to 55°C

Humidity Range:

Operating: 70% RH, non-condensing

Dimensions: 7" x 5¼” x 3-1/8" (18 cm x 13.6 cm x

8.2cm)

Weight: 2½ lbs. (1,134 g)

Low-Battery Indication: Instrument provides a battery test selection on

power switch and corresponding scale on

meter dial.

3. CONTROLS AND FUNCTIONS

Figure 2. Controls and Functions

Mechanical Zero Adjustment Screw

Adjusts the meter pointer to zero when the instrument is turnedOFF.

Power Control Switch

Turns the Instrument ONand OFF. Select the BATT setting before each use to

determine battery condition. A weak battery may cause inaccurate readings.

Function Select Switch

Selects one of three operating modes:VOLTS,BURN HAZARDand SHOCK HAZ-

ARD.

Response Network Select Switch

Selects one of two shock hazard response networks: REACT and LET GO. This

switch is used in conjunction with the SHOCK HAZARD setting on the Function

Select Switch.

Meter Dial

Displays Instrument measurements.The meter dial has four measurement scales

and a battery test scale.

OUTPUT

REACT.

LET GO

228

BATT.

OFF

150

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

200

1.0

3.0

2.5

3.5

1.2

4.0

1.4

250

300

VOLTS

R.M.S

MIU

PEAK

3.0

1.0

MIU

R.M.S

100

BATT.

VOLTS

R.M.S

MIU

PEAK

MIU

R.M.S

WARNING

READ MANUAL BEFORE USE

RESPONSE

LEAKAGE CURRENTTESTER

BURN

HAZARD

(0-100mA)

SHOCK

HAZARD

(MIU)

VOLTS

DC-1KHz

300 Volts max

Power

Control Switch Function

Select Switch Response Network

Select Switch

Meter Dial

Mechanical Zero

Adjustment Screw

Burn Hazard Scale (measured in mA RMS)

Used when selecting the BURN HAZARD function in order to read potential burn

hazard leakage current.

Shock Hazard Scales (measured in MIU RMS and MIU Peak)

Used when selecting the SHOCK HAZARD function in order to measure shock

hazard leakage current.The MIU Peak scale reads 1.4 times the RMS value and

assumes a sinusoidal waveform.

Important: Read the MIU Peak scale only if the equipment specification calls for

a peak reading and when certain that the leakage current is sinusoidal. See

Section 10, RMS VS. PEAK, for more information on RMS and Peak measure-

ment limits.

Volts Scale (0-300 volts)

Used when selecting the VOLTS function.

Battery Scale

Indicates battery condition when selecting the BATT function.

4. INTERPRETING THE METER DIAL SCALES

UsethecorrectmultiplierwhenreadingInstrumentmeasurements. Refer toTable 2 below.

Table 2

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UIM1 SMRUIM1-01

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UIM3.0 SMRUIM3-01.0

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