Waters 2410 Manuel
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SM
View
Instra
Waters 2410
Differential Refractometer
Operator’s Guide
34 Maple Street
Milford, MA 01757
71500241002, Revision 2
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NOTICE
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be
construed as a commitment by Waters
®
Corporation.Waters Corporation assumes no
responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.This guide is believed to be
complete and accurate at the time of publication. In no event shall Waters Corporation be
liable for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising from the use of
this guide.
1998, 2000 WATERS CORPORATION. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.THIS BOOK OR PARTS THEREOF MAY NOT
BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE
PUBLISHER.
ExpertEase, LAC/E, PowerLine, and SAT/IN are trademarks, and Millennium and
Waters are registered trademarks of Waters Corporation.
Triton is a trademark of Rohm and Haas Company.
Suprasil II is a trademark of Heralus-Amersil Incorporated.
All other trademarks are the sole property of their respective owners.
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Attention:
The Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer is a highly sensitive instrument.
Read this operator’s manual before using the instrument.
When using the instrument, follow generally accepted procedures for quality control and
methods development.
If you observe a change in the retention of a particular compound, in the resolution
between two compounds, or in peak shape, immediately take steps to determine the
reason for the changes. Until you determine the cause of a change, do not rely upon the
results of the separations.
Attention:
Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party
responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
Attention:
To meet the regulatory requirements of immunity from external electrical
disturbances that may affect the performance of this instrument, do not use cables longer
than 9.8 feet (3 meters) when you make connections to the terminal strips on the rear
panel of the unit.In addition, ensure you always connect the shield of the cable to chassis
ground at one instrument only.
Caution:
To protect against fire hazard, replace fuses with those of the same type and
rating.
Caution:
To avoid the possibility of electrical shock, power off the 2410 detector and
disconnect the power cord before you service the instrument.
Note:
The Installation Category (Overvoltage Category) for this instrument is Level II.The
Level II category pertains to equipment that receives its electrical power from a local level,
such as an electrical wall outlet.
STOP
STOP
STOP
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Symbols on the Rear Panel of the 2410 Detector
Direct current
Alternating current
Protective conductor
terminal
Frame or chassis terminal
Caution, risk of electrical
shock (high voltage)
Caution or refer to guide
Caution, hot surface or
high temperature
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Table of Contents 5
How to Use This Guide..................................................................... 13
Chapter 1
Waters 2410 Theory of Operation ................................................... 16
1.1 Overview............................................................................... 16
1.2 Theory of Operation.............................................................. 17
1.2.1 Optical Refraction...................................................... 17
1.2.2 Differential Refractometry.......................................... 22
1.2.3 Common RI Detection Problems............................... 24
1.3 Principles of Operation.......................................................... 25
1.3.1 Fluidics....................................................................... 25
1.3.2 Optics......................................................................... 29
1.3.3 Electronics................................................................. 30
Chapter 2
Installing the 2410 Refractometer .................................................... 31
2.1 Introduction........................................................................... 31
2.2 Site Selection and Power Requirements............................... 32
2.3 Unpacking and Inspection..................................................... 34
2.4 Making Electrical Power Connections................................... 35
2.5 Making Fluidic Connections.................................................. 35
2.5.1 Connecting a Column or Second Detector................ 36
2.5.2 Connecting to Waste.................................................. 37
2.5.3 Connecting to a Drip Tray .......................................... 38
Table of Contents
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6 Table of Contents
Chapter 3
Making Signal Connections ............................................................. 39
3.1 Component Connection Overview........................................ 39
3.2 Making IEEE-488 Signal Connections.................................. 41
3.2.1 Connecting to a Waters Data System Using the
IEEE-488 Bus............................................................ 41
3.2.2 Connecting to a Waters PowerLine System
Controller................................................................... 45
3.2.3 Connecting to a Manual Injector................................ 45
3.3 Making Non-IEEE-488 Signal Connections.......................... 46
3.3.1 Connecting to a Stand-Alone 2690 Separations
Module....................................................................... 48
3.3.2 Connecting to the Waters 745/745B/746 Data
Module....................................................................... 51
3.3.3 Connecting to a Chart Recorder................................ 53
3.3.4 Connecting to the Waters 845/860 ExpertEase
System ...................................................................... 54
3.3.5 Connecting Injection Trigger Signals ......................... 55
3.3.6 Polarity Connections.................................................. 57
3.4 Connecting the External Column Heaters ............................ 58
Chapter 4
Preparing Solvents .......................................................................... 60
4.1 Common Solvent Problems .................................................. 60
4.2 Selecting a Solvent............................................................... 61
4.3 Solvent Degassing................................................................ 63
4.3.1 Gas Solubility............................................................. 64
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Table of Contents 7
4.3.2 Solvent Degassing Methods.......................................64
4.3.3 Solvent Degassing Considerations ............................65
Chapter 5
Using the 2410 Refractometer .........................................................67
5.1 Using the Front Panel............................................................67
5.1.1 Keypad Functions.......................................................70
5.2 Selecting Parameter Values ..................................................75
5.2.1 Sensitivity Guidelines.................................................76
5.2.2 Scale Factor Guidelines.............................................76
5.2.3 Time Constant Guidelines..........................................78
5.2.4 Temperature Guidelines (Ext1 °C, Ext2 °C, Int °C).....79
5.2.5 Polarity Guidelines .....................................................79
5.3 Starting Up the 2410 Refractometer......................................80
5.4 Shutting Down the 2410 Refractometer ................................82
Chapter 6
Maintenance Procedures .................................................................83
6.1 Cleaning the Fluidic Path.......................................................84
6.2 Replacing Fuses....................................................................85
Chapter 7
Troubleshooting ................................................................................88
7.1 Troubleshooting Overview .....................................................88
7.2 Chromatography Troubleshooting..........................................90
7.2.1 Abnormal Baseline.....................................................90
7.2.2 Erratic or Incorrect Retention Times...........................94
7.2.3 Poor Peak Resolution.................................................96
7.2.4 Incorrect Qualitative/Quantitative Results..................98
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8 Table of Contents
7.3 Diagnostics ......................................................................... 100
7.3.1 Operating the Startup Diagnostics........................... 100
7.3.2 Operating the User-Initiated Diagnostics................. 100
7.4 Hardware Troubleshooting .................................................. 103
Appendix A
Specifications ................................................................................. 105
Appendix B
Spare Parts/Accessories ............................................................... 108
Appendix C
Warranty Information...................................................................... 110
C.1 Limited Express Warranty................................................... 110
C.2 Shipments, Damages, Claims, and Returns....................... 114
Index .......................................................................................... 115
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Table of Contents 9
1-1 Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer......................................... 16
1-2 Effect of Density on RI................................................................... 19
1-3 Refraction of Light.......................................................................... 20
1-4 Presence of Sample Changes the Photodiode Signal................... 21
1-5 How Refraction Changes
f............................................................. 23
1-6 Waters 2410 Refractometer Fluidics .............................................26
1-7 Waters 2410 Refractometer Fluidic Paths..................................... 28
1-8 Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Optics Bench
Assembly Light Path...................................................................... 30
2-1 Major Steps in Installing the 2410 Differential Refractometer........ 31
2-2 Dimensions of the 2410 Refractometer......................................... 32
2-3 Waters 2410 Refractometer Rear Panel........................................ 34
2-4 Fluidic Connections ....................................................................... 36
2-5 Ferrule and Compression Screw Assembly................................... 37
3-1 Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Rear Panel...................... 40
3-2 Overview of Connecting Components to the 2410 Differential
Refractometer................................................................................ 41
3-3 Waters Millennium System IEEE-488 Connections....................... 42
3-4 Waters 845/860 System IEEE-488 Connections........................... 42
3-5 Waters Alliance System IEEE-488 Connections ...........................43
3-6 Waters PowerLine System Controller IEEE-488 Connections.......45
3-7 Waters 2410 Rear Panel Analog-Out/Event-In Connectors........... 47
3-8 Auto Zero Connections Between the 2690 Separations Module
and the 2410 Refractometer.......................................................... 49
3-9 Chart Mark Connections Between the 2690 Separations Module
and the 2410 Refractometer.......................................................... 50
List of Figures
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