Laird RM024 Manuel utilisateur

RAMP Wireless Module

RM024

Version 3.5

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

REVISION HISTORY

Version

Date

Notes

Approver

1.0

Initial Version

Chris Downey

2.1

Added firmware changes, updated the name of the

removed old references to LT2510 part numbers,

added new information on cyclic sleep and Antenna

Switch Override. Added a table under Max Power and a

table for the Set Max Power command.

Chris Downey

2.2

Minor grammatical fixes.

Chris Downey

2.3

27 June 2013

PWM output data was corrected to a 39.3846 µS

period vs. 315.077, as was stated previously.

Chris Downey

2.4

12 July 2013

Minor edits, removed Firmware History and references

irrelevant to RM024.

Chris Downey

2.5

10 Oct 2013

Corrected Antenna Select Override information error.

Changed 0x59 to 0x5B

Chris Downey

3.0

10 Dec 2013

Separated Hardware Integration Guide (HIG) from User

Guide information (created two separate documents).

Add Related Documents section.

Sue White

3.1

13 Jan 2014

Added information on FW v2.0, deprecated 50mW

radio versions and added 10mW radio versions

Chris Downey

3.2

14 Sept 2015

Removed deprecated links in Related Documents and

Files

Jonathan Kaye

3.3

16 Mar 2016

Updated to the latest template

Sue White

3.4

31 Jan 2017

Added Status Request command

Jennifer Gibbs

3.5

18 July 2017

Fixed header of RSSI Control (0x68) settings table and

RSSI control table.

Jennifer Gibbs

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

CONTENTS

RAMP Modules...........................................................................................................................................................4

Overview.................................................................................................................................................................4

Key Features ...........................................................................................................................................................4

Theory of Operation ...................................................................................................................................................5

Server/Client Architecture......................................................................................................................................5

Adjustable RF Data Rate .........................................................................................................................................5

Modes of Operation ...............................................................................................................................................6

Serial Interface Baud Rate ......................................................................................................................................7

Interface Timeout/RF Packet Size ..........................................................................................................................8

Flow Control ...........................................................................................................................................................9

Force 9600 ........................................................................................................................................................... 10

Radio Configurations ........................................................................................................................................... 11

EEPROM Parameters ............................................................................................................................................... 19

Configuring the RM024 ........................................................................................................................................... 29

AT Commands...................................................................................................................................................... 29

Utility Commands ................................................................................................................................................ 31

Status Commands................................................................................................................................................ 33

Command Descriptions ....................................................................................................................................... 35

Serial Firmware Upgrades ....................................................................................................................................... 42

Overview.............................................................................................................................................................. 42

Upgrading Via Windows OEM Configuration Utility ........................................................................................... 42

Upgrading FW Commands................................................................................................................................... 43

Command Descriptions ....................................................................................................................................... 43

Process to Manually Upgrade RM024................................................................................................................. 45

API Operation .......................................................................................................................................................... 46

API Send Data Complete...................................................................................................................................... 46

API Receive Packet .............................................................................................................................................. 46

API Transmit Packet............................................................................................................................................. 47

Related Documents and Files .................................................................................................................................. 48

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

RAMP MODULES

Laird RAMP (Range Amplified MultiPoint) modules are designed to provide robust wireless communications for

any number of applications requiring a wireless transport for serial data. RAMP modules feature a Frequency

Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) protocol for excellent interference and multipath immunity. RAMP modules

server/client architecture allows for more than 16 million clients to be addressed and communicating within the

network.

Overview

The RM024 RAMP module is based on Laird LT2510 core technology, enhanced with a new RF front end for

improved sleep, improved link budget, and a switchable antenna output. The RM024 is available in two versions,

one with 125 mW maximum conducted output power which is approved for North American and similar

markets, and one with 10 mW maximum conducted output power which is approved for European and similar

markets. These modules are identical except for output power, transmit power consumption, and the number of

RF channels available. Differences between the two versions, where applicable, are denoted based on part

number.

This document contains information about the hardware and software interface between a Laird RM024

transceiver and an OEM host. Information includes the theory of operation, specifications, interface definitions,

and mechanical drawings.

Note: Unless mentioned specifically by name, the RM024 modules are referred to as “radio” or

“transceiver”. Individual naming is used to differentiate product specific features. The host

(PC/microcontroller/any device to which the RM024 module is connected) are referred to as “OEM

host” or “host.”

Key Features

Forward Error Correction option for longer range

Retries and acknowledgements

Configurable network parameters

Multiple generic I/O

280 kbps or 500 kbps RF data stream

Idle current draw of 9.5 mA, sleep current of 38 uA

Software selectable interface baud rates from 1200 bps to 460.8 kbps

Upgradable FW through serial port

Low cost, low power, and small size ideal for high volume, portable, and battery powered applications

All modules are qualified for Industrial temperatures (-40°C to 85°C)

Advanced configuration available using AT commands

Easy to use Configuration and Test Utility software

Switchable antenna output, either integrated antenna or external antenna through U.FL

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

THEORY OF OPERATION

Server/Client Architecture

The RM024 utilizes server-client network architecture to synchronize the frequency hopping. Each network must

have one radio configured as a server and all other radios configured as clients. When a radio is configured as a

server, it transmits a beacon containing timing and identification information at the beginning of each hop. The

beacon is never visible to the OEM host. Upon boot, radios configured as clients enter receive mode where they

are scanning the available frequencies listening for a beacon from a server in their network. When a client

detects the server’s beacon, the client synchronizes its frequency hopping to that of the server and transition

the In Range pin Low. When the server and the client are synchronized they can begin transferring data.

Each network consists of only one server. Multiple networks can exist in the same area, provided the networks

are configured on different channels. The RM024 utilizes an intelligent Frequency Hopping algorithm which

ensures minimal interference between networks. The possible interference between collocated networks is

given by the following equation:

Maximum number of interfering bins = # of collocated servers -1

For example, with ten collocated networks, there is up to nine bins every hop cycle that are occupied by more

than one network at the same time. Although two or more networks might occupy the same hop bin at the

same time, there is truly only interference if two or more radios from alternate networks are trying to transmit

on the same bin at the same time in the same coverage area.

Adjustable RF Data Rate

The RM024’s RF data rate can be adjusted to provide a trade-off between throughput and range.

Table 1: RM024 RF Data Rate

Product Model

RF Profile

RF Data Rate

Number of Hops

Receiver Sensitivity

Throughput1

All RM024

0x00

500 kbps

-94 dBm

250 kbps

125 mW versions

(RM024-X125) only

0x01

280 kbps

-95 dBm

120 kbps

All RM024

0x03

280 kbps

-95 dBm

120 kbps

1. Throughput is ideal, one direction, with no retransmissions. All practical RF applications should allow for

retransmission of data due to interference or less than ideal RF conditions.

Deciding which RF data rate to choose depends on the individual application. The fast RF data rate delivers much

faster throughput, but has much less range. In addition, because the lower data rate solution uses more hops, it

is better situated for collocated networks.

A rule of thumb for RF systems is every six dB of gain doubles the effective distance. The four dB increase of

receive sensitivity for the lower data rate solution means it is able to transmit almost 60% further than the

higher data rate solution.

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

Modes of Operation

The RM024 has three different types of interface modes:

Transparent Mode

API Mode

Command Mode

The first two modes are used to transmit data across the RF and the third mode is used to configure the radio.

Transparent Mode

When operating in transparent mode, the RM024 can act as a direct serial cable replacement in which RF data is

forwarded over the serial interface and vice versa. In transparent mode, the radio needs to be programmed with

the MAC address of the desired recipient. The destination address can be programmed permanently or on-the-

fly.

When transparent mode is used, data is stored in the RX buffer until one of the following occurs:

The RF packet size is reached (EEPROM address 0x5A)

An Interface timeout occurs (EEPROM address 0x58)

All parameters can be configured by entering Command Mode using either AT commands or by toggling the

Command/Data pin low on the transceiver.

Transparent mode is the default radio operation mode.

API Mode

API mode is an alternative to the default transparent operation of the RM024 and provides dynamic packet

routing and packet accounting abilities to the OEM host without requiring extensive programming by the OEM

host. API mode utilizes specific frame-based packet formats, specifying various vital parameters used to control

radio settings and packet routing on a packet-by-packet basis. The API features can be used in any combination

that suits the OEM’s application specific needs.

The RM024 has three API functions:

Send Data Complete

Receive API

Transmit API

For additional details and examples, please refer to the API Operation section of this guide.

Command Mode

Command mode is used to configure and poll for status of the transceiver. Command mode can be entered by

issuing the Enter AT Command string or by setting the CMD/Data pin low. Details of using command mode to

configure the RM024 are detailed in Configuring the RM024.

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

Serial Interface Baud Rate

In order for the OEM host and a transceiver to communicate over the serial interface, they must have the same

serial data rate. This value determines the baud rate used for communicating over the serial interface to a

transceiver. For a baud rate to be valid, the calculated baud rate must be within ±3% of the OEM host baud rate.

Table 2: Baud Rate/Interference Rate

Desired Baud Rate

Baud (0X42)

Minimum Interface Timeout 1 (0X58)

230400

0x0A

0x02

1152002

0x09

0x02

57600

0x08

0x02

38400

0x07

0x02

28000

0x06

0x03

19200

0x05

14400

0x04

0x07

9600

0x03

0x10

4800

0x02

0x15

2400

0x01

0x2A

1200

0x00

0x53

Non-standard

0xE3

Use equation below

1. Interface timeout = 200 µs per increment, the EEPROM address 0x58 is ignored if Auto Config is enabled.

To use a non-standard Interface timeout, disable Auto Config.

2. Default baud rate.

For baud rates other than those shown in Table 2, the following equations can be used:

(256 + BAUD_M * (2BAUD_E) * FREQUENCY

Baud Rate = ___________________________________

228

Where:

FREQUENCY = 26 MHz

BAUD_M = EEPROM Address 0x43

BAUD_E = EEPROM Address 0x44

100000

Minimum Interface Timeout = _______

Baud Rate

Tips:

The RM024 supports a majority of standard as well as non-standard baud rates. To select a standard baud

rate, use the value shown for EEPROM address 0x42 in Table 2. To enable a non-standard baud rate,

program EEPROM address 0x42 (Custom Baud Enable) to 0xE3 and then use the equation above to solve for

BAUD_M and BAUD_E.

Adjusting the serial interface baud rate does not affect the RF data rate.

Radio can accept serial combinations (number of bits, parity, number of stop bits) of 8-N-1, 7-N-2, 7-1-1, by

default. Modes of 8-1-1, 8-N-2, 7-1-2 are acceptable with 9-bit mode enabled.

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

Interface Timeout/RF Packet Size

Interface Timeout

Interface timeout specifies a maximum byte gap between consecutive bytes. When that byte gap is exceeded,

the bytes in the transmit buffer are processed as a complete packet. Interface timeout (EEPROM address 0x58),

in conjunction with the RF packet size, determines when a buffer of data is sent out over the RF as a complete

RF packet, based on whichever condition occurs first. Interface timeout is adjustable in 200 us increments and

should be equal to or greater than two full bytes times. The minimum interface timeout is 0x02.

The radio uses the default interface timeout for a given baud rate if Auto Config is enabled, despite what is

written in the interface timeout address. To use a non-standard interface timeout, the OEM needs to disable

Auto Config.

RF Packet Size

RF packet size is used in conjunction with interface timeout to determine when to delineate incoming data as an

entire packet based on whichever condition is met first. When the transceiver receives the number of bytes

specified by RF packet size (EEPROM address 0x5A) without experiencing a byte gap equal to interface timeout,

that block of data is processed as a complete packet. Every packet the transceiver sends over the RF contains

extra header bytes not counted in the RF packet size. Therefore, it is much more efficient to send a few large

packets than to send many short packets. The maximum RF packet size is 239 bytes, or 0xEF, at 500 kbps RF data

rate and 96 bytes, or 0x60, at 280 kbps RF data rate.

The RF packet size in address 0x5A will not be used if Auto Config (Address 0x56, bit 0) is enabled. The default

for the RF data rate will be used instead. The RF packet size should not be set to less than 0x07, to ensure AT

commands can still be issued.

RF packet size is also used by the radio to determine the number of data slots per hop. In order to efficiently

transmit data across the RF the radio automatically adds more data slots to the hop to correspond to a smaller

RF packet size. The number of slots available is reduced when FEC mode is enabled. The number of slots per hop

is given in the table below.

Table 3: Number of Slots per Hop

RF Data Rate

FEC Mode

RF Packet Size

Number of Data Slots

280 kbps

Disabled

0x01 –0x09

4 slots

280 kbps

Disabled

0x0A –0x25

3 slots

280 kbps

Disabled

0x26 –0x60

2 slots

500 kbps

Disabled

0x01 –0x0C

6 slots

500 kbps

Disabled

0x0D –0x25

5 slots

500 kbps

Disabled

0x026 –0x47

4 slots

500 kbps

Disabled

0x48 –0x7D

3 slots

500 kbps

Disabled

0x7E –0xEF

2 slots

280 kpbs

Enabled

0x01 –0x06

2 slots

280 kpbs

Enabled

0x07 –0x4A

1 slot

500 kbps

Enabled

0x01 –0x02

4 slots

500 kbps

Enabled

0x03 –0x1A

3 slots

500 kbps

Enabled

0x01B –0x4B

2 slots

500 kbps

Enabled

0x4C –0xE2

1 slot

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

Tips:

The more slots per hop, the less likely that retries will occur on a new frequency which may reduce the

effectiveness of the module as a Frequency Hopping radio.

Idle current consumption increases as more slots are added.

You must use the same number of slots for every radio on the network.

Full duplex only reserves the first slot for the server. If there are six slots, the first slot is reserved for the

server to transmit and the remainder is shared by the clients. If there is only one slot per hop available, the

Server and Client will alternate transmissions with the Server transmitting in one slot/hop and the client

transmitting on the next hop.

RF Packet Size should not be set to less than 0x07 or the Enter AT Command string will not be accepted. If

the RF Packet Size is less than 0x07, the Enter AT Command string can still be issued in Force 9600 mode.

RS-485 Data Enable

The timing of the DE-RE pin varies depending on the selected interface baud rate. The values to set are:

485_Delay_H: Address 0x49

485_Delay_M: Address 0x4A

485_Delay_L: Address 0x4B

To set them, use the following equation (round the result up):

Address 0x49 and 0x4A: 485H/M = 8.125 MHz / (81*Baud_Rate), quotient only

Address 0x4B: 485L = (8.125MHz / Baud_Rate) mod 81

So for 19,200 you should calculate 00 05 12.

Flow Control

Although flow control is not required for transceiver operation, it is recommended to achieve optimum system

performance and to avoid overrunning the RM024’s serial buffers. The RM024 uses separate buffers for

incoming and outgoing data.

RXD Data Buffer and CTS

As data is sent from the OEM host to the radio over the serial interface, it is stored in the RM024’s buffer until

the radio is ready to transmit the data packet. The radio waits to transmit the data until one of the following

conditions occur (whichever occurs first):

The RF packet size is reached (EEPROM address 0x5A)

An interface timeout occurs (EEPROM address 0x58)

The data continues to be stored in the buffer until the radio receives an RF Acknowledgement (ACK) from the

receiving radio (addressed mode), or all transmit retries/broadcast attempts are used. Once an ACK has been

received or all retries/attempts are exhausted, the current data packet is removed from the buffer and the radio

begins processing the next data packet in the buffer.

To prevent the radio’s RXD buffer from being overrun, we strongly recommend that the OEM host monitors the

radio’s CTS output. When the number of bytes in the RXD buffer reaches the value specified by CTS_ON

(EEPROM address 0x5C - 0x5D), the radio de-asserts (high) CTS to signal to the OEM host to stop sending data

over the serial interface. CTS is re-asserted after the number of bytes in the RXD buffer is reduced to the value

specified by CTS_OFF (EEPROM addresses 0x5E- 0x5F); signaling to the OEM host that it may resume sending

data to the transceiver.

RM024

User Guide

Embedded Wireless Solutions Support Center:

http://ews-support.lairdtech.com

www.lairdtech.com/ramp

Americas: +1-800-492-2320

Europe: +44-1628-858-940

Hong Kong: +852 2923 0610

Note: We recommend that the OEM host stop all data transmission to the radio while CTS is de-asserted

(high), otherwise potential data loss may occur.

TXD Data Buffer and RTS

As data to be forwarded to the OEM Host accumulates, it is stored in the RM024’s outgoing buffer until the

radio is ready to begin sending the data to the OEM Host. Once the data packet has been sent to the Host over

the serial interface, it will be removed from the buffer and the radio will begin processing the next data packet

in the buffer. With RTS Mode disabled, the transceiver will send any data to the OEM Host as soon as it has data

to send. However, some OEM Hosts are not able to accept data from the transceiver all of the time. With RTS

Mode Enabled, the OEM Host can prevent the transceiver from sending it data by de-asserting RTS (High),

causing the transceiver to store the data in its buffer. Upon asserting RTS up to two additional bytes can be

received over the serial interface before the flow is stopped. Once RTS is re-asserted (Low), the transceiver will

continue sending data to the OEM Host, beginning with any data stored in its buffer.

Note: Leaving RTS de-asserted for too long can cause data loss once the radio’s TXD buffer reaches

capacity.

Note: RTS is disabled in Force 9600 mode in Firmware 2.0 and above.

Tip:

Can I implement a design using just TXD, RXD, and GND (three-wire interface)?

Yes. However, it is strongly recommended that your hardware monitor the CTS pin of the radio. CTS is taken

High by the radio when its interface buffer is getting full. Your hardware should stop sending at this point to

avoid a buffer overrun (and subsequent loss of data). You can perform a successful design without monitoring

CTS. However, you need to take into account the amount of latency the radio adds to the system, any additional

latency caused by retries, how often you send data, non-delivery network timeouts, and interface data rate.

Laird Technologies can assist in determining whether CTS is required for your application.

Force 9600

Force 9600 mode is a recovery mode in which the radio ignores specific EEPROM configurations. Force 9600

mode is primarily used to recover a radio when the configuration is not known.

Enabling Force 9600

Force 9600 is triggered by the Force 9600 pin (pin 12 for SMT modules and pin 9 for pluggable modules). When

you pull the Force 9600 pin logic low and apply power or reset the module, the transceiver’s serial interface is

forced to a 9600, 8-N-1 rate. Additional RTS Enable is disabled and the RF Packet Size in EEPROM is ignored.

The Radio’s receiver is disabled in Force 9600 mode, so it is unable to receive beacons or packets.

Note: Because this mode disables some modes of operation, it should not be permanently pulled Low

during normal operation.

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