Telephonics RDR-1600 Manuel

Pilot’s GuideRDR-1600

Color Weather and

Search and Rescue Radar

TM106101August 2001

Command Systems Division

TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PARAGRAPHTITLE

PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

2.0SYSTEM CONFIGURATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

2.1ANTENNA AND RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER. . . . . . .3

2.2RADAR DISPLAY INDICATOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

3.0 OPERATIONAL CONTROLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

3.1FUNCTION SELECTOR – CP-113K

CONTROL PANEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

3.2ANTENNA CONTROLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3.3DISPLAY CONTROLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3.4PRIMARY MODE SELECTORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3.5SECONDARY MODE SELECTOR AND GAIN

CONTROLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

3.6ALPHANUMERICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

4.0PREFLIGHT (PFT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

4.1PREFLIGHT WARNING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

5.0THEORY OF OPERATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

5.1GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

5.2RADAR PRINCIPLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

5.3WEATHER RADAR PRINCIPLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

5.4RADAR REFLECTIVITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

5.5WEATHER DISPLAY CALIBRATION. . . . . . . . . . . .15

5.6WEATHER ATTENUATION COMPENSATION. . . . .16

6.0WEATHER OPERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

6.1WEATHER MODE – WX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

6.2WEATHER ALERT MODE – WXA. . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

6.3TARGET ALERT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

6.4WEATHER MAPPING AND INTERPRETATION. . . .20

6.5OBSERVING WEATHER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

6.5.1Thunderstorms and Turbulence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

6.5.2Tornadoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

6.5.3Hail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

6.5.4Icing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

6.5.5Snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

6.5.6Lightning and Static Discharges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

6.5.7Range Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

6.5.8Azimuth Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

6.5.9Indicator Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

6.5.10Short Range Displays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

6.6PATH PLANNING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

6.6.1Path Planning Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

iii

iiRDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)

PARAGRAPHTITLEPAGE

7.0SEARCH OPERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

7.1GROUND MAPPING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

7.1.1Looking Angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

7.1.2Other Aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

7.2SEARCH MODE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

7.3DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEATHER AND

SEARCH MODES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

7.4SEARCH MODES COMPARED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

7.4.1Search 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

7.4.2Search 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

7.4.3Search 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

8.0TILT MANAGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

8.1TILT CONTROL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

8.2TILT PERFORMANCE CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

8.3EARLY DETECTION OF ENROUTE WEATHER. . .39

9.0ANTENNA STABILIZATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

9.1LIMITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

9.2ERRORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

9.3COMPENSATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

10.0BEACON MODES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

10.1BEACON FORMAT SELECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

10.2DO-172. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

11.0AC 90-80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

12.0MULTIPLE INDICATORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

13.0SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

13.1RT-1601 RT UNIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

13.2DA-1203A ANTENNA DRIVE ASSEMBLY. . . . . . . .46

13.3CP-113K CONTROL PANEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

14.0ADVISORY CIRCULARS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1

WARNING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3

CAUTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE

LEVEL (MPEL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-4

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURETITLE

PAGE

2-1Typical System Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

2.1-1Receiver-Transmitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

2.1-2DA-1203A Drive Assembly with AA4512A 12”

Flat Plate Antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

2.1-3CP-113K Control Panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

2.2-1MFD Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

3.1-1CP-113K Control Panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

3.2-1Tilt Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3.4-1Primary Mode Selectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

3.5-1Secondary Mode Selector and Gain Controls. . . . . . .8

3.6-1MFD Screen Presentations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

4.1-1Preflight Warnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

5.2-1Radar Transmit-Receive Timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

5.4-1Reflective Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

5.6-1STC Electronically Compensates for

Distance Attenuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

6.1-1Typical Weather Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

6.3-1Weather Alert with Target Alert Display. . . . . . . . . . . .19

6.5-1Storm Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

6.5.3-1Finger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

6.5.3-2Hook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

6.5.3-3Scalloped Edge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

6.5.3-4U-Shaped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

6.5.8-1Azimuth Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

6.5.10-1Short Range Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

6.6.1-1Penetration of Weather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

6.6.1-2Minimizing Doglegging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

6.6.1-3“Blind Alley” or “Box Canyon” Situations. . . . . . . . . . .29

7.1-1Over Terrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

7.1-2Over Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

7.1.1-1A Smaller Incident Angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

7.1.1-2Concentration of the Beam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

7.3-1Wx and SRCH Buttons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

7.4.1-1Search 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

7.4.2-1Search 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

7.4.3-1Search 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Introduction

TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

1.0INTRODUCTION

In the early days of aviation, pilots were more concerned with just staying

airborne than worrying about weather. Airplanes were for fun. Pilots flew

only short hops, on clear days, and could often see their destination. There

was little need for navigation equipment. If your compass was working and

your gas held out, you could probably make it home safely. Later, as flying

came of age, thunderstorms and their associated turbulence were more of

a problem. When the weather was good, aircraft utilization was high. But

when storms were prevalent, you might take the long way home.

Today, weather radar is as much at home in the cockpit as the compass.

Corporate aircraft operators, and private pilots, as well as the airlines have

adopted weather radar with full confidence in its usefulness and reliability.

Most commercial airborne weather radars available today also provide the

pilot with one or more ancillary modes of operation and system options that

make the radar more functional and increase its versatility.

Telephonics would like to welcome you to the growing family of Telephonics

Weather Radar System owners and operators.

The RDR-1600 Color Weather Radar System is the newest advancement

of this series of radars. The RDR-1600 series radars are the most popular,

advanced capability, multi-mode radars available from any manufacturer.

The RDR-1600 provides five primary modes of operation: three air-to-

surface search and detection modes, and two conventional weather avoid

ance modes. This lightweight digital X-band radar system provides a peak

power of 10 kW, and is primarily designed for fixed or rotary-wing aircraft

engaged in patrol, search and rescue missions, and for transporting

personnel and equipment to remote sites (e.g., off-shore oil rigs, etc.).

The system interfaces with multi-function electronic displays. The MFD is

referred to as an indicator in this manual. The RDR-1600 will also interface

with an Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS). AHRS Pitch and Roll

data will be converted from digital ARINC 429 to analog pitch and roll data

that is used by the DA-1203A antenna drive unit for antenna stabilization.

The RDR-1600 also has the capability to receive and decode both standard

2-pulse beacon transponders and the DO-172 6-pulse transponders. This

system also provides two short ranges of 0.5 nm and 1.0 nm for search and

rescue.

This manual is designed to help you understand the RDR-1600 and its

operational procedures. Please read it carefully before operating the unit.

If you have any questions, please contact Telephonics (see back cover).

ivRDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (CONT.)

FIGURETITLEPAGE

8.1-1Adjusting the Antenna Tilt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

8.2-1Altitude vs. Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

8.3-1Weather Target. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

9.1-1Aircraft Pitching/Rolling ±30°. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

10.1-1Standard Beacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

10.2-1DO-172. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

14-1Cross-Section of a Thunderstorm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

LIST OF TABLES

TABLETITLEPAGE

5.5-1Radar Display and Thunderstorm Levels

versus Rainfall Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

6.5.9-1Minimum Distinguishable Target Separation. . . . . . . .26

8.3-1Antenna Tilt Control Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

System Configuration (Cont.)

System Configuration

2RDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

2.0SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Figure 2-1.Typical System Block Diagram

2.1ANTENNA AND RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER

The RT-1601 Receiver-Transmitter generates 10 KW pulses of X-band

energy. Reflected signals of weather, search and beacon modes received

by the antenna are amplified and sent to the radar display indicator.

The flat-panel antenna, which is available in diameters of 10, 12 or 18

inches scans 60 or 120 degrees. Swept by a motor-driven gear train, the

vertical component is positioned by the tilt control on the Radar Control

Panel (RCP or CP-113k). A stabilization system presents an upright radar

display while the aircraft is turning, climbing or descending.

Figure 2.1-1.Receiver-

TransmitterFigure 2.1-2.DA-1203A Drive

Assembly with AA4512A 12” Flat

Plate Antenna

Figure 2.1-3.CP-113K Control Panel

Operational Controls

System Configuration (Cont.)

4RDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

2.2RADAR DISPLAY INDICATOR

Figure 2.2-1.MFD Display

The MFD displays green, yellow and red moving maps of weather and

surface features.

The choice of two weather modes, three search modes and antenna scan

of 60 or 120 degrees is selected by the pilot. A target alert feature is active

in the weather alert mode, and a movable track cursor helps the pilot plan

his flight around severe weather. A beacon mode enables the display of

beacon locations and a code feature identifies the beacons. Beacon

Formatting allows for the display of either standard or DO-172 type

beacons. This information can be displayed in any of eight separate ranges.

Rainfall per hour Ground Return Color

0-1 mm No significant return Dark

1-4 mm Light Green

1-12 mm Medium Yellow

12 mm or more Heavy Red

3.0OPERATIONAL CONTROLS

3.1FUNCTION SELECTOR – CP-113K CONTROL PANEL

OFFRemoves system power.

STBYSystem is operationally ready; no display.

TEST

Displays a test pattern without transmitting, identified by

TEST and RT FAULT.

ONSystem transmits in normal operation.

60°

Directs the antenna to sector scan 60° about the boresight

of the aircraft. This position will work in weather, search

(map), and beacon modes.

Figure 3.1-1.CP-113K Control Panel

Operational Controls (Cont.)

6RDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

BCN

Pressing this button will select the two Beacon type

formats to be selected. Sequentially pressing the Beacon

button will select the following beacon modes:

Beacon Only Mode

Beacon A, Beacon B, Beacon A, Beacon B, . . .

Dual Mode (Beacon/Weather or Beacon/Search)

Beacon A, Beacon B, Beacon Off, Beacon Am . . .

Beacon Only Mode: If the starting mode of operation is

weather (or search), then pressing the beacon button will

place the system in Beacon/Weather (Search) mode. To

activate beacon only mode, press the weather (or search)

button to turn off weather (search) mode. To reactivate dual

mode, press either the weather or search buttons.

Beacon A – Standard 2-pulse beacon

Beacon B – DO-172 compatible beacon

Figure 3.4-1.Primary Mode Selectors

3.2ANTENNA CONTROLS

PULL STAB OFFThis switch is connected to the Tilt Control Knob. When

the Tilt Control Knob is pressed in, the stabilization

function is active. When this knob is pulled out, the

stabilization function is turned off.

TILTAdjusts antenna tilt angle.

Figure 3.2-1.Tilt Control

3.3DISPLAY CONTROLS

The MFD has a brightness control to adjust the brightness of the screen.

3.4PRIMARY MODE SELECTORS

(PUSH ON/PUSH OFF)

WxSelects weather mode, the primary mode of operation

(automatically selected at turn-on). Weather displayed and

Wx appear on screen. When pressed again, the weather

mode is removed. If no other mode button is active, the Wx

mode remains.

WxASelects weather alert mode causing red returns to flash if

the MFD is capable of performing this function. WxA

appears and Target Alert is enabled.

SRCHPressing this push button selects the three Search modes

in sequential cyclic manner (i.e., Search 1, Search 2,

Search 3, Search 1, Search 2, Search 3, etc.). Search

modes are as follows:

Search 1 – Sea clutter rejection. Active on the ten-mile

range or less.

Search 2 – Short range precision mapping. Active on the

ten-mile range or less.

Search 3 – Normal surface mapping.

Beacon mode is compatible with both weather mode and

Search mode.

Operational Controls (Cont.)

8RDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

3.6ALPHANUMERICS

Figure 3.6-1.MFD Screen Presentations

Note

+MFDs display of radar data will vary by manufacturer. Refer to the

MFD Pilot’s Guide for specific radar display.

3.5SECONDARY MODE SELECTOR AND GAIN CONTROLS

BCN GAINThe Beacon Gain is a rotary potentiometer that controls the

gain of the Beacon receiver.

SRCH GAINThe Search Gain is a rotary potentiometer that controls

the gain of the Search receiver.

CODEPressing this switch selects Beacon Codes in a sequential

cyclic fashion (i.e., Code 0, Code 1, Code 2, . . . Code 15

or Code 0, Code 1, Code 2, . . . Code 9) depending on

Beacon Mode selected. The selected code is annunciated

on the MFD.

When DO-172 Beacon (Beacon Mode B) is selected via

the BCN button, the total of sixteen codes (0-15) can be

selected by the Code switch. Selecting a Standard two-

pulse Beacon (Beacon Mode A) via the BCN button, the

total of ten codes (0-9) can be selected by the Code

button. The Code button is not active unless the Beacon

mode has been selected.

Figure 3.5-1.Secondary Mode Selector and Gain Controls

Theory of Operation

Preflight

10RDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

5.0THEORY OF OPERATION

5.1GENERAL

The primary use of this radar is to aid the pilot in avoiding thunderstorms

and associated turbulence. Since each operator normally develops unique

operational procedures for use of Weather Radar, the following information

is presented for use at the operator’s discretion.

Operational techniques with the RDR-1600 Series Weather Radars are not

different than with earlier generation radars. The proficient operator

manages his antenna tilt control to achieve the best possible knowledge of

storm height, size, and relative direction of movement.

4.0PREFLIGHT (PFT)

4.1PREFLIGHT WARNING

Test the system to verify proper operation before each flight. Rotate the

function selector from OFF to STBY. Allow system to warm up for about 100

seconds, then move the function selector to TEST. No display appears in

the STBY position and the radar does not transmit in either STBY or TEST.

The test pattern scans 120° and automatically selects the 80 mile range.

Look for distinct color bands and range marks in the order shown. Adjust

display brightness for a comfortable level. Checklist and flight log options

may be used at this time if installed.

WARNING

Do not turn the radar on within 25 feet of ground personnel or

containers holding flammable or explosive material. The radar

should never be operated during refueling.

When ready to use the radar, rotate the function selector to ON position.

Figure 4.1-1.Preflight Warnings

Note

+The design of the system is such that full operation is possible

approximately two minutes after turn-on. Therefore, the pilot may

choose to leave the function switch in OFF, rather than STBY, if no

significant weather is in the immediate area of the aircraft. The life

of the magnetron transmitting tube will be extended by leaving the

system “OFF” when possible. This, in turn, will reduce the cost of

maintenance.

Theory of Operation (Cont.)

12RDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

5.3WEATHER RADAR PRINCIPLES

Airborne weather avoidance radar, as its name implies, is for avoiding

severe weather – not for penetrating it. Whether to fly into an area of radar

echoes depends on echo intensity, spacing between the echoes, and the

capabilities of both pilot and aircraft. Remember that weather radar detects

only precipitation drops; it does not detect minute cloud droplets. Therefore,

the radar scope provides no assurance of avoiding instrument weather in

clouds and fog. Your indicator may be clear between intense echoes; this

clear area does not necessarily mean you can fly between the storms and

maintain visual sighting of them.

The geometry of the weather radar radiated beam precludes its use for

reliable proximity warning or anti-collision protection. The beam is charac

terized as a cone-shaped pencil beam. It is much like that of a flashlight or

spotlight beam. It would be an event of chance, not of certainty, that such a

beam would come upon another aircraft in flight.

WARNING

Weather radar is not practical as a pilot operable collision

avoidance system. Weather analysis and avoidance are the

primary functions of the radar system.

5.2RADAR PRINCIPLES

Radar is fundamentally a distance measuring system using the principle of

radio echoing. The term RADAR is an acronym for Radio Detecting And

Ranging. It is a method for locating targets by using radio waves. The trans-

mitter generates microwave energy in the form of pulses. These

pulses are then transferred to the antenna where they are focused into a

beam by the antenna. The radar beam is much like the beam of a flashlight.

The energy is focused and radiated by the antenna in such a way that it is

most intense in the center of the beam with decreasing intensity near the

edge. The same antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving. When

a pulse intercepts a target, the energy is reflected as an echo, or return

signal, back to the antenna. From the antenna, the returned signal is trans-

ferred to the receiver and processing circuits located in the receiver

transmitter unit. The echoes or returned signals are displayed on an

indicator.

Radio waves travel at the speed of 300 million meters per second and thus

yield nearly instantaneous information when echoing back. Radar ranging

is a two-way process that requires 12.36 micro-seconds for the radio wave

to travel out and back for each nautical mile of target range. As shown in

the distance illustration in Figure 5.2-1, it takes 123.6 micro-seconds for a

transmitted pulse of radar energy to travel out and back from an area of

precipitation 10 nautical miles away.

Figure 5.2-1.Radar Transmit-Receive Timing

Theory of Operation (Cont.)

14RDR-1600 Pilot’s GuideTM106101(8/01)TM106101(8/01)RDR-1600 Pilot’s Guide

5.5WEATHER DISPLAY CALIBRATION

The MFD Radar display should be calibrated to show four levels of target

intensity: Black (level 0), Green (level one), Yellow (level two) and Red

(level three). The meaning of these levels is shown in the following chart as

is their approximate relationship to the Video Integrated Processor (VIP)

intensity levels used by the National Weather Service (NWS). These levels

are valid only when (1) the Wx or WxA modes are selected; (2) the dis

played returns are within the STC range of the radar (approximately 40

miles); (3) the returns are beam filling; and (4) there are no intervening

radar returns.

Table 5.5-1.Radar Display and Thunderstorm Levels

versus Rainfall Rates

Video Integrated Processor (VIP)

Categorizations

Rainfall Rate Rainfall Rate

Display

Level mm/Hr. In./Hr Story

Category VIP

Level mm/Hr. In./Hr.

Remarks

(Red) 12 0.5 Strong 3Greater

than 12 Greater

than 0.5 Severe turbulence,

possible lightning

(Yellow) 4-12 0.17-0.5 Moderate 22.5-12 0.1-0.5

Light to moderate

turbulence is

possible with

lightning

(Green 1-40.04-0.17 Weak 10.25-2.5 .01-0.1 Light to moderate

turbulence is

possible with

lightning

(Black) Less

than 1 Less than

0.04

5.4RADAR REFLECTIVITY

What target will reflect the radar’s pulses and thus be displayed on the

indicator?

Only precipitation (or objects more dense than water such as earth or solid

structures) will be detected by an X-band weather radar. Therefore,

weather radar does not detect clouds, thunderstorms or turbulence direct-

ly. Instead, it detects precipitation which may be associated with dangerous

thunderstorms and turbulence. The best radar reflectors are raindrops and

wet hail. The larger the raindrop, the better it reflects. Because large drops

in a small concentrated area are characteristic of a severe thunderstorm,

the radar displays the storm as a strong echo. Drop size is the most impor-

tant factor in high radar reflectivity. Generally, ice, dry snow and dry hail

have low reflective levels and often will not be displayed by the radar.

A cloud that contains only small raindrops, such a fog or drizzle, will not pro-

duce a measurable radar echo. But if the conditions should change and the

cloud begins to produce rain, it will be displayed on radar.

Figure 5.4-1.Reflective Levels

Autres manuels pour RDR-1600

Ce manuel convient aux modèles suivants

Table des matières

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