Panasonic WX-LA20 Manuel utilisateur

Hearing and Listening in a Typical

Classroom (Summary)

Catherine V. Palmer

Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools July, 1997

Vol. 28, pp. 213-217

Children spend 45% of the school day engaged in listening activities such as

talking, asking questions, and multimedia presentations. The failure we make is

assuming that all normal hearing students can hear what is spoken in typical

classrooms. There are six issues that arise when considering if the students can

hear the necessary information in the classroom.

1. Teacher’s Delivery: Teachers must speak 15 dB louder than background

noise; however, this is rarely achieved. Many teachers are not able to produce a

signal that can be heard over background noise and attempting to do so may

result in vocal fatigue. This causes teachers to miss multiple days per year.

2. Noise in the Classroom: Classroom noise levels should not exceed 35 dBA;

however, typical classroom noise levels range from 41 to 51 dBA. In the past few

decades research has shown little to no improvement in classroom noise levels.

The most important characteristic of relevant to effective communication is signal

to noise ratio (SNR). Because young listeners (with normal hearing) require

higher SNRs, it is recommended that classrooms have an SNR of +15 dBA

.

3. Reverberation: Classroom reverberation times should not exceed 0.4

seconds; however, the majority of classrooms have reverberation times between

0.4 and 1.25 seconds. Reverberation masks (blurs) direct sound energy. Higher

reverberation times cause poorer understanding.

4. Distance: Children should be within approximately 6 feet of the teacher in

order to receive maximum intelligibility; however, achieving this distance for all

children is impossible due to typical class sizes. Speaker to listener distance

(SLD) greatly impacts the direct sound field. Children with normal hearing who sit

in the middle or back of the classroom have difficulty receiving the speech

signal compared to students in the front row.

Continued…

… cont’d

5. The Student’s Hearing: Ideally, students would experience consistently

normal hearing; however, on any given day about 43% of primary level children

fail a pure-tone screening at 15 dB and/or immittance screening. It is incredibly

costly and impractical to monitor every child’s hearing due to students who may

experience episodes of middle ear infections.

6. The Student’s Experience: Adults can miss parts of a message and fill them

in using their life and language experience; however, the young student is

learning from the messages spoken in the classroom and has limited life

experience to use to fill in the blanks. An unnecessary amount of

energy is expended to just hear the signal. This energy could be better spent

thinking about what is taught, integrating the information and applying the

information into their lives.

Sound field equalization provides a solution to the listening issues by amplifying

the teacher’s voice through speakers strategically placed in the classroom.

Sound field equalization systems are the most cost-effective and acceptable

technology for facilitating classroom listening. Benefits of using sound field

equalization include:

• Reduced student fatigue

• Improved academic achievement

• Increased positive behavior

• Reduced teacher fatigue

• More positive, energetic teaching

Classroomaud[email protected]asonic.com

877.268.7215

Autres manuels pour WX-LA20

13

Ce manuel convient aux modèles suivants

3

Table des matières

Autres manuels Panasonic Accessoires

Panasonic

Panasonic AY-PB2002 Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic ER857 Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic Grid-EYE AMG88 Series Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic Light Emitting Diodes LN360GPX Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic PX-2 Series Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic EQ-500 Series Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic TK712SSQP Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic SP Series Mode d’emploi

Panasonic

Panasonic KX-HNS101C Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic CX-400 Series Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MA2J7040G Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MA3Z7920G Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MCO-170AICUVH Series Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MA22F20 Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MA2J729 (MA729) Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic HG-C1030 Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic GX-M Series Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic HL-C201A-SP3 Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MA3SE02 Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic KX-HNS102HM Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MA4X159A Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MA24D50 Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic Light Emitting Diodes LNG992CFB Manuel utilisateur

Panasonic

Panasonic MA3D749 Manuel utilisateur

Manuels Accessoires populaires d'autres marques

Hillco

Hillco 2810 Manuel utilisateur

Siemens

Siemens QSA2700D Manuel de l'opérateur

Contours

Contours ZY024 Manuel utilisateur

Saivod

Saivod VS621 Manuel utilisateur

Virtuox

Virtuox VirtuCLEAN 2.0 Manuel utilisateur

SCE

SCE ENVIRO-THERM SCE-TE170B24VSS Manuel utilisateur

Z-Wave

Z-Wave HSD-200Z Manuel utilisateur

turck

turck FMX-IM-2UPLI63FX Manuel utilisateur

Decagon Devices

Decagon Devices 10HS Manuel utilisateur

UPPAbaby

UPPAbaby Cup Holder Manuel utilisateur

Elko

Elko SmartSensor Leakage Wireless Manuel utilisateur

Grizzly

Grizzly H8371 Manuel utilisateur

IFM Electronic

IFM Electronic Efector 250 Series Guide de référence

DigiDesign

DigiDesign 888/24 I/O Manuel utilisateur

PROZIS

PROZIS QUAY Manuel utilisateur

patagonia

patagonia PSI Vest Manuel utilisateur

SFC Energy

SFC Energy EFOY GO! Manuel utilisateur

Axminster

Axminster Tooling Stylus Tip Ballpoint Pen Kit Manuel utilisateur