Elenco Electronics SNAP CIRCUITS XP SCXP-50 Manuel utilisateur

any means; electronic, photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.

REV-A

Patent #‘s: 7,144,255, 7,273,377, & other patents pending

Project A3

-1-

WARNING: SHOCK HAZARD - Never connect Snap

Circuits®to the electrical outlets in your home in any way!

WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - Small

parts. Not for children under 3 years.

Conforms to all

applicable U. S.

government standards.

1. Most circuit problems are due to incorrect

assembly, always double-check that your

circuit exactly matches the drawing for it.

2. Be sure that parts with positive/negative

markings are positioned as per the drawing.

3. Be sure that all connections are securely

snapped.

4. Try replacing the batteries.

5. If the motor spins but does not balance the

fan, check the black plastic piece with three

prongs on the motor shaft.

ELENCO®is not responsible for parts damaged

due to incorrect wiring.

Basic Troubleshooting

Note: If you suspect you have damaged parts, you

can follow the Advanced Troubleshooting procedure on

page 8 to determine which ones need replacing.

Basic Troubleshooting 1

Parts List 2

About Your Snap Circuits®Parts 3 - 5

Introduction to Electricity 6

DO’s and DON’Ts of Building Circuits 7

Advanced Troubleshooting 8

Project Listings 9

How to Use Snap Circuits® 10

Part A – Introductory Projects (A1-A30)

11 - 27

Part B – Microcontroller Projects (B1-B27)

28 - 58

Part C – To Go Further 59

Other Snap Circuits®Products 62

Table of Contents

WARNING: Always check your wiring before

turning on a circuit. Never leave a circuit

unattended while the batteries are installed.

Never connect additional batteries or any

other power sources to your circuits. Discard

any cracked or broken parts.

Adult Supervision: Because children’s

abilities vary so much, even with age groups,

adults should exercise discretion as to which

experiments are suitable and safe (the

instructions should enable supervising

adults to establish the experiment’s

suitability for the child). Make sure your child

reads and follows all of the relevant

instructions and safety procedures, and

keeps them at hand for reference.

This product is intended for use by adults

and children who have attained sufficient

maturity to read and follow directions and

warnings.

Never modify your parts, as doing so may

disable important safety features in them, and

could put your child at risk of injury.

• Use only 1.5V “AA” type, alkaline batteries (not

included).

• Insert batteries with correct polarity.

• Non-rechargeable batteries should not be

recharged. Rechargeable batteries should only

be charged under adult supervision, and should

not be recharged while in the product.

• Do not connect batteries or battery holders in

parallel.

• Do not mix old and new batteries.

• Do not mix alkaline, standard (carbon-zinc), or

rechargeable (nickel-cadmium) batteries.

• Remove batteries when they are used up.

• Do not short circuit the battery terminals.

• Never throw batteries in a fire or attempt to open

its outer casing.

• Batteries are harmful if swallowed, so keep away

from small children.

Batteries:

WARNING TO ALL PROJECTS WITH A SYMBOL - Moving parts. Do not touch the motor or fan during operation. Do not

lean over the motor. Do not launch the fan at people, animals, or objects. Eye protection is recommended.

Requirements for your computer: Windows®

XP (or later) or Mac OS X 10.2 (or later) or Linux,

512MB RAM, 500MB of hard-disk space, USB

port, and an internet connection.

-2-

Important: If any parts are missing or damaged, DO NOT RETURN TO RETAILER. Call toll-free (800) 533-2441 or e-mail us at:

[email protected]. Customer Service • 150 Carpenter Ave. • Wheeling, IL 60090 U.S.A.

Parts List (Colors and styles may vary) Symbols and Numbers

Qty. ID Name Symbol Part # Qty. ID Name Symbol Part #

r1Base Grid

(11.0” x 7.7”) 6SCBG r1Fan Blade 6SCM1F

r61-Snap Wire 6SC01 r2NPN Transistor 6SCQ2

r92-Snap Wire 6SC02 r1100WResistor 6SCR1

r43-Snap Wire 6SC03 r21kWResistor 6SCR2

r34-Snap Wire 6SC04 r210kWResistor 6SCR4

r15-Snap Wire 6SC05 r1100kWResistor 6SCR5

r16-Snap Wire 6SC06 r1Photoresistor 6SCRP

r17-Snap Wire 6SC07 r1Adjustable Resistor 6SCRV

r1Battery Holder - uses

3 1.5V type AA (not

Included)

6SCB3 r1Slide Switch 6SCS1

r1470mF Capacitor 6SCC5 r1Press Switch 6SCS2

r1Red Light Emitting

Diode (LED) 6SCD1 r18 Ohm Speaker 6SCSP

r1Green Light Emitting

Diode (LED) 6SCD2 r1Microcontroller IC 6SCU21

r1Jumper Wire (Black) 6SCJ1 r1Microphone 6SCX1

r1Jumper Wire (Red) 6SCJ2 r1Programming Cable 9TLSCXP

r1DC Motor 6SCM1

You may order additional / replacement parts at our website: www.snapcircuits.net

U21

-3-

About Your Snap Circuits®XP Parts

(Part designs are subject to change without

notice).

BASE GRID

SNAP WIRES & JUMPER WIRES

MOTOR

Magnet

Electromagnet

Shaft

Power Contacts

Shell

Motor (M1)

BATTERY HOLDER

Battery Holder (B3)

The batteries (B3) produce an electrical voltage

using a chemical reaction. This “voltage” can be

thought of as electrical pressure, pushing

electricity through a circuit just like a pump

pushes water through pipes. This voltage is

much lower and much safer than that used in

your house wiring. Using more batteries

increases the “pressure”, therefore, more

electricity flows.

The blue snap wires

are wires used to

connect components.

They are used to

transport electricity and do

not affect circuit performance.

They come in different lengths to

allow orderly arrangement of connections

on the base grid.

The red and black

jumper wires make

flexible connections for

times when using the snap wires

would be difficult. They also are

used to make connections off the base grid.

Wires transport electricity just like pipes are used

to transport water. The colorful plastic coating

protects them and prevents electricity from

getting in or out.

The base grid is a platform for

mounting parts and wires.

It functions like the

printed circuit

boards used in

most electronic

products, or like how

the walls are used for

mounting the electrical

wiring in your home.

The motor (M1) converts electricity into

mechanical motion. An electric current in the

motor will turn the shaft and the motor blades,

and the fan blade if it is on

the motor.

Fan

How does electricity turn the shaft in the motor?

The answer is magnetism. Electricity is closely

related to magnetism, and an electric current

flowing in a wire has a magnetic field similar to

that of a very, very tiny magnet. Inside the motor

is a coil of wire with many loops wrapped around

metal plates. This is called an electromagnet. If

a large electric current flows through the loops,

it will turn ordinary metal into a magnet. The

motor shell also has a magnet on it. When

electricity flows through the electromagnet, it

repels from the magnet on the motor shell and

the shaft spins. If the fan is on the motor shaft,

then its blades will create airflow.

-4-

About Your Snap Circuits®XP Parts

RESISTORS

MICROPHONE

SPEAKER

SLIDE & PRESS SWITCHES RED & GREEN LEDs

CAPACITOR

Resistors (R1, R2, R4, & R5)

Resistors “resist” the flow of electricity and are

used to control or limit the current in a circuit.

Snap Circuits®XP includes 100W(R1), 1kW(R2),

10kW(R4), and 100kW(R5) resistors (“K”

symbolizes 1,000, so R4 is really 10,000W).

Materials like metal have very low resistance

(<1W), while materials like paper, plastic, and air

have near-infinite resistance. Increasing circuit

resistance reduces the flow of electricity.

The slide & press switches (S1 & S2) connect

(pressed or “ON”) or disconnect (not pressed or

“OFF”) the wires in a circuit. When ON they have no

effect on circuit performance. Switches turn on

electricity just like a faucet turns on water from a pipe.

Slide & Press Switches (S1 & S2)

The speaker (SP) converts electricity into sound

by making mechanical

vibrations. These vibrations

create variations in air

pressure, which travel

across the room. You

“hear” sound when your

ears feel these air

pressure variations.

Speaker (SP)

The microphone (X1) is actually a resistor that

changes in value when changes in air pressure

(sounds) apply pressure to its surface. Its

resistance typically varies from around 1kWin

silence to around 10kWwhen you blow on it

Microphone (X1)

The photoresistor (RP) is a light-sensitive

resistor, its value changes from nearly infinite in

total darkness to about 1000Wwhen a bright light

shines on it.

Photoresistor (RP)

The adjustable resistor (RV) is a 50kWresistor

but with a center tap that can be adjusted

between 200Wand 50kW.

Adjustable Resistor (RV)

The 470mF capacitor (C5) can store electrical

pressure (voltage) for periods of time. This

storage ability allows it to block stable voltage

signals and pass changing ones. Capacitors are

used for filtering and delay circuits.

Capacitor (C5)

The red & green LED’s (D1 & D2) are light

emitting diodes, and may be thought of as a

special one-way light bulb. In the “forward”

direction, (indicated by the “arrow” in the symbol)

electricity flows if the voltage exceeds a turn-on

threshold (about 1.5V for red and a little higher

for green); brightness then increases. A high

current will burn out the LED, so the current must

be limited by other components in the circuit.

LED’s block electricity in the “reverse” direction.

LED’s (D1 & D2)

-5-

About Your Snap Circuits®XPTM Parts

The NPN (Q2) transistors are components that

use a small electric current to control a large

current, and are used in switching, amplifier, and

buffering applications. They are easy to

miniaturize, and are the main

building blocks of

integrated circuits

including the

microprocessor and

memory circuits in

computers.

TRANSISTORS

U21 Microcontroller IC:

(+) - power from batteries

(GND) - power return to batteries

S-In - Programming input snap

S-Out /Snap 0 - Serial Output 0

Snap 1 - IN1/OUT1/ADC1

Snap 2 - IN2/OUT2/ADC2

Snap 3 - IN3

Snap 4 -IN4/OUT4/ADC4

Note: There is additional information for

the PICAXE®08M2 integrated circuit at

www.picaxe.co.uk.

The programming cable is used to program and

communicate with the U21 microcontroller.

CABLES

MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller outputs cannot control the motor

or speaker directly, an interface transistor must

be used. Microcontroller outputs can control Snap

Circuits®LEDs directly.

Programming Cable

NPN Transistor (Q2)

The microcontroller IC (U21) includes the

PICAXE®08M2 integrated circuit. This is a mini

computer which can be programmed to perform

different tasks, including monitoring things and

making things happen. The PICAXE®08M2 has

a special programming interface that makes it

very easy to use.

Microcontroller IC (U21)

Notes for using the PICAXE®-08M2 in

other applications:

Power source:

This should be 4.5V or 5V. Higher voltages

may damage the part.

S-In connection:

The U21 platform has an internal 10KW

resistor between the S-In and GND snaps,

and a 22KWresistor between the S-In snap

and the microcontroller. These facilitate use of

the programing cable.

Several snaps can be used as either

inputs, outputs, or analog to digital

converters:

as Outputs: Each output can supply or

receive up to 20 mA. This is enough to light an

LED, but an interface transistor must be used

when controlling a motor or speaker.

as Inputs: An input should be above 80% of

the power source voltage to be high, or below

20% of the power source voltage to be low.

as Analog to Digital Converters (ADC): The

ADC range is the power source voltage range.

Circuit resistance should be less than 20KW,

or false readings may occur.

Introduction to Electricity

What is electricity? Nobody really knows. We only know how to produce it,

understand its properties, and how to control it. Electricity is the movement

of sub-atomic charged particles (called electrons) through a material due

to electrical pressure across the material, such as from a battery.

Power sources, such as batteries, push electricity through a circuit, like a

pump pushes water through pipes. Wires carry electricity, like pipes carry

water. Devices like LEDs, motors, and speakers use the energy in

electricity to do things. Switches and transistors control the flow of

electricity like valves and faucets control water. Resistors limit the flow of

electricity.

The electrical pressure exerted by a battery or other power source is called

voltage and is measured in volts (V). Notice the “+” and “–” signs on the

battery; these indicate which direction the battery will “pump” the electricity.

The electric current is a measure of how fast electricity is flowing in a

wire, just as the water current describes how fast water is flowing in a pipe.

It is expressed in amperes (A) or milliamps (mA, 1/1000 of an ampere).

The “power” of electricity is a measure of how fast energy is moving

through a wire. It is a combination of the voltage and current (Power =

Voltage x Current). It is expressed in watts (W).

The resistance of a component or circuit represents how much it resists

the electrical pressure (voltage) and limits the flow of electric current. The

relationship is Voltage = Current x Resistance. When the resistance

increases, less current flows. Resistance is measured in ohms (W), or kilo

ohms (kW, 1000 ohms).

Nearly all of the electricity used in our world is produced at enormous

generators driven by steam or water pressure. Wires are used to efficiently

transport this energy to homes and businesses where it is used. Motors

convert the electricity back into mechanical form to drive machinery and

appliances. The most important aspect of electricity in our society is that it

allows energy to be easily transported over distances.

Note that “distances” includes not just large distances but also tiny

distances. Try to imagine a plumbing structure of the same complexity as

the circuitry inside a portable radio - it would have to be large because we

can’t make water pipes so small. Electricity allows complex designs to be

made very small.

There are two ways of arranging parts in a circuit, in

series or in parallel. Here are examples:

Placing components in series increases the resistance;

highest value dominates. Placing components in parallel

decreases the resistance; lower value dominates.

The parts within these series and parallel sub-circuits

may be arranged in different ways without changing what

the circuit does. Large circuits are made of combinations

of smaller series and parallel circuits.

-6-

Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit

-7-

DO’s and DON’Ts of Building Circuits

After building the circuits given in this booklet, you may wish to experiment on your own.

Use the projects in this booklet as a guide, as many important design concepts are

introduced throughout them. Every circuit will include a power source (the batteries), a

resistance (which might be a resistor, capacitor, motor, integrated circuit, etc.), and wiring

paths between them and back. You must be careful not to create “short circuits” (very low-

resistance paths across the batteries, see examples at right) as this will damage

components and/or quickly drain your batteries. Only connect the U21 microcontroller IC

(the PICAXE 08M) using configurations given in the projects, incorrectly doing so may

damage it. ELENCO®is not responsible for parts damaged due to incorrect wiring.

Here are some important guidelines:

ALWAYS USE EYE PROTECTION WHEN EXPERIMENTING ON YOUR OWN.

ALWAYS include at least one component that will limit the current through a circuit, such

as the speaker, capacitors, ICs (which must be connected properly), motor,

microphone, photoresistor, or resistors.

ALWAYS use LEDs, transistors, and switches in conjunction with other components that

will limit the current through them. Failure to do so will create a short circuit

and/or damage those parts.

ALWAYS connect capacitors so that the “+” side gets the higher voltage.

ALWAYS disconnect your batteries immediately and check your wiring if something

appears to be getting hot.

ALWAYS check your wiring before turning on a circuit.

ALWAYS connect U21 microcontroller IC using configurations given in the projects or

as per the connection description on page 5.

NEVER connect to an electrical outlet in your home in any way.

NEVER touch the motor when it is spinning at high speed.

Placing a 3-snap wire directly

across the batteries is a

SHORT CIRCUIT.

This is also a

SHORT CIRCUIT.

When the slide switch (S1) is turned on, this large circuit has a SHORT

CIRCUIT path (as shown by the arrows). The short circuit prevents any

other portions of the circuit from ever working.

NEVER

DO!

NEVER

DO!

NEVER

DO! NEVER

DO!

Examples of SHORT CIRCUITS - NEVER DO THESE!!!

Warning to Snap Circuits®owners: Do not use

parts from other Snap Circuits®sets with this kit. Other

sets use higher voltage which could damage the

microcontroller and other parts.

You are encouraged to tell us about new programs and circuits you

create. If they are unique, we will post them with your name and state

on our website at www.snapcircuits.net/kidkreations.htm. Send

your suggestions to ELENCO®: [email protected].

ELENCO®provides a circuit designer so that you can make your own

Snap Circuits®drawings. This Microsoft®Word document can be

downloaded from www.snapcircuits.net/SnapDesigner.doc or

through the www.snapcircuits.net website.

WARNING: SHOCK HAZARD - Never connect Snap Circuits®

to the electrical outlets in your home in any way!

Advanced Troubleshooting

(Adult supervision recommended)

-8-

ELENCO®

150 Carpenter Avenue

Wheeling, IL 60090 U.S.A.

Phone: (847) 541-3800

Fax: (847) 520-0085

e-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.elenco.com

You may order additional /

replacement parts at:

www.snapcircuits.net

ELENCO®is not responsible for parts

damaged due to incorrect wiring.

If you suspect you have damaged parts,

you can follow this procedure to

systematically determine which ones need

replacing:

(Note: Some of these tests connect an LED

directly across the batteries without another

component to limit the current. Normally this

might damage the LED, however Snap Circuits®

LEDs have internal resistors added to protect

them incorrect wiring, and will not be damaged.)

1. LEDs (D1 & D2), motor (M1), speaker

(SP), and battery holder (B3): Place

batteries in holder. Place one of the LEDs

directly across the battery holder (LED + to

battery +), it should light. Do the same for

the motor, it should spin. “Tap” the speaker

across the battery holder contacts, you

should hear static as it touches. If none

work, then replace your batteries and

repeat. If still bad, then the battery holder is

damaged.

2. Jumper wires:

Use this mini-

circuit to test

each jumper

wire, the LED

should light.

3. Snap wires: Use this mini-circuit to test

each of the snap wires, one at a time. The

LED should light.

4. Slide switch (S1) and Press switch (S2):

Use this mini-circuit; if the LED doesn’t light

then the slide

switch is bad.

Replace the

slide switch

with the press

switch to test it.

5. 100W(R1), 1kW(R2), and 10kW(R4)

resistors: Use the mini-circuit from test 4

but replace the switch with the 100Wresistor

(R1); the LED will be bright if the resistor is

good. Next use the 1kWand 10kWresistors

in place of the 100Wresistor; the LED

should be dimmer but still light.

6. Microphone (X1) and Photoresistor (RP):

Use the mini-circuit from test 4 but replace

the switch with the microphone (X1, + on

right); if blowing into the microphone does

not change the LED brightness then the

microphone is bad. Replace the microphone

with the photoresistor. Waving your hand

over the photoresistor (changing the light

that shines on it) should change the

brightness of the LED or the photoresistor is

bad.

7. Adjustable resistor (RV): Build Project

#A16, the resistor control lever should turn

the LED (D1) on and off; otherwise it is bad.

8. NPN transistor (Q2): Build the mini-circuit

shown here. The LED (D2) should only be

on if the press switch (S2) is pressed. If

otherwise, then the NPN is damaged.

9. 470mF capacitor (C5) and 100kW

resistor (R5): Build the mini-circuit shown

here. When you press the switch, the LED

should be bright but then slowly get dim,

otherwise the

capacitor is bad.

Replace the 1kW

resistor (R2)

with the 100kW

resistor (R5); the

LED should stay

on much longer

or R5 is bad.

10. Programming cable: Connect the cable

to the red LED (D1), orange and yellow

wires to (+) and black wire to the other

side. Run the AXEpad for Snap Circuits®

XP software. Open a terminal (press F8).

Type something into the output buffer and

press Send. The red LED should flash and

what you typed should appear in the input

buffer.

11. Microcontroller (U21): Use project B27

(Test the Microcontroller).

Project Listings

Part A - Introductory Projects: These projects introduce you to the

Snap Circuits®method of building circuits and show how electronic

components work. No computer is needed for these projects (some

projects use the U21 microcontroller, but with a factory-loaded program).

Part B - Microcontroller Projects: These projects are an

introduction to microprocessors, and the flexibility they give by being

programmable. A computer is needed to load programs into the

microcontroller, but no other programming knowledge is needed. The

microcontroller re-programming procedure is explained in project B1.

Part C - To Go Further: This section is intended for users who

would like to develop their own programs for the microcontroller. It

also has bonus circuits for owners of other Snap Circuits®models.

-9-

Project # Title Page #

A1 Electric Light 11

A2 Controlling Electricity 11

A3 Dancing Motor 12

A4 Electronic Counter 13

A5 Adding Sound to the Counter 14

A6 Daylight Alarm Clock 14

A7 Intruder Alarm 15

A8 Jukebox 16

A9 Counting to the Stars 17

A10 Angles and Distance 18

A11 Flip-Flop 19

A12 Adjustable Light Timer 19

A13 Light Sensitive Timer 20

A14 Shot in the Dark 20

A15 Microphone Control 21

A16 Adjustable Brightness 21

A17 Conduction Detector 21

A18 Slider 22

A19 Parallel Resistors 22

A20 Series Resistors 22

A21 Flying Saucer 23

A22 Transistor 23

A23 Capacitor Battery 24

A24 Blow Off Sound 24

A25 Capacitor Photo Control 25

A26 Capacitor Photo Control with Slow Shut-off 25

A27 Photo Switcher 26

A28 Blow On Sound 26

A29 Scratchy Amplifier 27

Project # Title Page #

A30 One Shot 27

B1 Blinker (Programming the Microcontroller) 29

B2 Blinkers 33

B3 Four Outputs 34

B4 Play a Tune 35

B5 Computer Music Box 36

B6 Random Sounds 38

B7 Sloppy Switches 39

B8 Bounceless Switches 40

B9 Jukebox with Terminal 41

B10 Launch Pad 42

B11 Adjustable Blinker 43

B12 Basic Light Meter 44

B13 Capacitor Discharge 45

B14 Sunrise Alarm 46

B15 Photon Counter 47

B16 Photon Kazoo 47

B17 Click Counter 48

B18 Super Click Counter 49

B19 Data Logger 50

B20 Data Logger with Cost 51

B21 24 Hour Data Logger 52

B22 Digital Voltmeter 53

B23 Battery Tester (4V or less) 54

B24 Battery Tester (20V or less) 55

B25 Clap Light 56

B26 Clap Music 57

B27 Test the Microcontroller 58

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